{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T06:37:29Z","timestamp":1777012649880,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019981","name":"South-Central University for Nationalities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Safflower (\n                    <jats:italic>Carthamus tinctorius<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) is an economically important crop with both medicinal and oil-producing values, However, its production is severely threatened by fungal diseases, including those caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Alternaria alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other pathogenic fungi. To date, molecular investigations into the disease resistance mechanisms of safflower remain largely limited. In this study, proteomic analysis was performed on safflower following infection by\n                    <jats:italic>A. alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , identifying 490 and 921 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and 72 hpi, respectively, Among these DEPs, a large number of candidate defense-related proteins were detected, including CtChi19. Meanwhile, by integrating previously published transcriptomic and proteomic data of safflower at the early stage of\n                    <jats:italic>Botrytis cinerea<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, a set of candidate genes closely associated with defense responses was screened using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Emphasis was placed on the hub gene\n                    <jats:italic>CtChi19<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which encodes a chitinase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 19 (GH19). Subcellular localization assays showed that CtChi19 was localized in the cell wall and extracellular space. Furthermore, stable overexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>CtChi19<\/jats:italic>\n                    in safflower significantly enhanced the resistance of transgenic plants to both\n                    <jats:italic>B. cinerea<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Assays of chitinase and \u03b2-1,3-glucanase activities demonstrated that the improved disease resistance of OE-\n                    <jats:italic>CtChi19<\/jats:italic>\n                    transgenic plants was directly associated with a significant increase in chitinase and \u03b2-1,3-glucanase activities. Collectively, the candidate genes identified in this study provide valuable genetic resources and theoretical support for molecular breeding aimed at developing disease-resistant safflower varieties. These findings also offer novel insights for further dissecting the antifungal immune mechanisms in safflower.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1797378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:41:58Z","timestamp":1777009318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CtChi19: a valuable gene for improving resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata in Carthamus tinctorius"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kangjun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kehui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Safflower Industry Research of Shihezi University, Shihezi University","place":["Shihezi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyad031","article-title":"The gene ontology knowledgebase in 2023","volume":"224","author":"Aleksander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186624","article-title":"Chitinase gene positively regulates hypersensitive and defense responses of pepper to Colletotrichum acutatum infection","volume":"21","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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