{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:04:07Z","timestamp":1789747447448,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001731","name":"Danida Fellowship Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Aflatoxin contamination of maize remains a global food safety and public health challenge, particularly because it is a dietary staple food and feed ingredient produced across diverse agroecological zones. Although numerous mitigation strategies have been developed, contamination levels remain variable. This reflects complex interactions among climate, soil properties, crop management practices, plant physiological stress and rhizosphere microbial communities. This review synthesizes evidence on key agroecological drivers of aflatoxin contamination in maize, highlighting climate variability, soil properties, crop and nutrient management, cropping systems, and rhizosphere microbial communities as primary determinants. We examine how these factors influence\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    population dynamics, microbial interactions and aflatoxin biosynthesis across contrasting production environments. Evidence synthesized in this review indicates that inconsistent outcomes of existing management including biological control strategies largely arise from insufficient consideration of soil-plant-microbe interactions and spatial heterogeneity. We identify climatic stress, soil properties and crop management strategies as the dominant determinants of aflatoxin risk, acting through biological mediators such as plant physiological status, rhizosphere microbial communities and fungal population. The review argues that effective and scalable aflatoxin mitigation requires integrated, context-specific and systems-based approaches. We conclude that incorporating agroecological heterogeneity into research design, predictive models and management frameworks is essential for improving risk prediction and developing aflatoxin control strategies in maize-based cropping systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1802402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T15:15:45Z","timestamp":1789744545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Agroecological drivers of aflatoxin contamination in maize-based systems: a review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Winjoy Nyawira","family":"Kinyua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Science, Chuka University","place":["Chuka, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelmith Wanja","family":"Munyiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Science, Chuka University","place":["Chuka, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Maina","family":"Wagacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Nairobi","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Njoki","family":"Mwaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Science, Chuka University","place":["Chuka, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Murigu Kamau","family":"Njage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology and DTU Microbes Initiative, Technical University of Denmark","place":["Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11111346","article-title":"Effective detoxification of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin a using magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite: isotherm and kinetic study","volume":"11","author":"Abbasi Pirouz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1139\/W08-018","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus aflatoxin occurrence and expression of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes in soil","volume":"54","author":"Accinelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. 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