{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:25:06Z","timestamp":1787034306369,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To optimize planting patterns for artificial grassland in the Guinan area, this study systematically compared the forage productivity, nutritional quality, and feeding value of four oat (\n                    <jats:italic>Avena sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.)\u2013forage pea (\n                    <jats:italic>Pisum sativum<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) mixture ratios (8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5) with two monoculture controls (oat \u2018Qinghai 444\u2019 and forage pea \u2018Qingjian No.1\u2019). The 7:3 mixture achieved significantly greater hay yield and crude protein (CP) content than both monocultures and all other mixture ratios (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05), indicating a synergistic interaction between the cereal and legume components. Feeding value indices\u2014including relative feed value (RFV), relative forage quality (RFQ), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and net energy for lactation (NEL)\u2014were likewise maximized under this ratio. Furthermore, entropy-weighted TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation confirmed that the 7:3 ratio attained the highest integrated score for both yield performance and nutritional quality, significantly outperforming traditional monoculture systems. These results demonstrate that a 7:3 seeding ratio of oat to forage pea represents an optimal strategy for artificial grassland establishment in the Guinan area, simultaneously enhancing forage productivity and nutritional value while providing a practical reference for sustainable mixed forage systems in the region.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1803106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:36:06Z","timestamp":1787031366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of different mixed sowing ratios of oat and forage pea on forage yield and quality in alpine region"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenting","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeliang","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianxue","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.18805\/lr.v0i0.8411","article-title":"Effects of sowing ratio and harvest periods on hay yields, quality and competitive characteristics of Hungarian vetch-cereal mixtures","volume":"40","author":"Acar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Legume. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11202801","article-title":"Influence of different harvesting stages and cereals--legume mixture on forage biomass yield, nutritional compositions, and quality under Loess Plateau Region","volume":"11","author":"Bo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2014.09.0666","article-title":"Grass and legume effects on nutritive value of complex forage mixtures","volume":"55","author":"Brink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.32996\/jeas.2022.3.3.9","article-title":"Modernization measures for sustainable development of alpine grassland husbandry on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: an example of countermeasures to pasture degradation","volume":"3","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Agric. Stud."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-020-00267-1","article-title":"Effects of elevated ammonia concentration on corn growth and grain yield under different nitrogen application rates","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114298","article-title":"Forage nutritive value and predicted fiber digestibility of Kernza intermediate wheatgrass in monoculture and in mixture with red clover during the first production year","volume":"258","author":"Favre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321308","article-title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers optimise root morphology and soil nutrients in mixed annual grass and bean sown grassland in alpine regions","volume":"20","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2023.2259521","article-title":"Forage yield and quality parameters of eight oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes at multilocation trials in Eastern Oromia, Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Gadisa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Food. Agric."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020572","article-title":"Effects of replacing ensiled-alfalfa with fresh-alfalfa on dynamic fermentation characteristics, chemical compositions, and protein fractions in fermented total mixed ration with different additives","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-07797-9","article-title":"Regulatory effects of row spacing on plant-soil feedbacks in an oat-forage pea intercropping system: a two-year, dual-location study","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17101707","article-title":"High resolution crop type and rotation mapping in farming--pastoral ecotone in China using multi-satellite imagery and Google Earth Engine","volume":"17","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w15061124","article-title":"Appropriate water-nitrogen regulation mode to improve productivity of mixed-sowing grassland of Bromus inermis and alfalfa","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5141","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-018-1948-8","article-title":"Assessing yield and feed quality of intercropped sorghum and soybean in different planting patterns and in different ecologies","volume":"16","author":"K\u0131z\u0131l Aydemir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Effect of Planting Patterns and Cutting Intervals on Agronomic Performance and Quality of Pasture Grass and Legume","author":"Ko","year":"2019"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2013.509.52","article-title":"Competitive effects of plant species under different sowing ratios in some annual cereal and legume mixtures","volume":"12","author":"Koc","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2014.01.005","article-title":"Effects of grazing on plant species diversity and pasture quality in subalpine grasslands in the eastern Pyrenees (Andorra): implications for conservation","volume":"22","author":"Komac","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5601\/jelem.2022.27.1.2251","article-title":"Long-term crop rotation and continuous cropping effects on soil chemical properties","volume":"27","author":"Kostrzewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Elementol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.109865","article-title":"Watershed-level spatial pattern of degraded alpine meadow and its key influencing factors in the Yellow River Source Zone of West China","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.11733\/j.issn.1007-0435.2018.04.017","article-title":"Evaluation of forage production performance and quality of I-D oat lines in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"26","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Agrestia. Sin."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2006.03.008","article-title":"Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios","volume":"99","author":"Lithourgidis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1071\/cp16063","article-title":"Effects of grass--legume mixtures on the production and photosynthetic capacity of constructed grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crop Pasture Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-025-01035-0","article-title":"Species combination determines whether forage mixtures gain in dry matter yield or crude protein concentration. A meta-analysis: H. Liu et\u00a0al","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9050480","article-title":"Effects of alfalfa hay to oat hay ratios on chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and fungal communities during aerobic exposure of fermented total mixed ration","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1280771","article-title":"Legume-grass mixtures increase forage yield by improving soil quality in different ecological regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Study on the Mixed Sowing Patterns and Yield Formation Mechanisms of Annual Grass-Legume Artificial Grasslands in Alpine Regions","author":"Ma","year":"2019"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation11020093","article-title":"Effects of compound lactic acid bacteria additives on the quality of oat and common vetch silage in the northwest Sichuan Plateau","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.11829\/j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0348","article-title":"Evaluation of production performance of oat-common vetch mixed grassland based on the nutritional requirements of horses","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pratacult. Sci."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"51","article-title":"Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, leaf: stem ratio, HCN potential and dry matter production of forage sorghums in south-east Queensland","volume":"44","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Queensland. J. Agric. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.70070","article-title":"Productivity and economic implications of alfalfa--grass mixtures under variable irrigation","volume":"117","author":"Munkaila","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10238456","article-title":"Comparative analysis of wheat hay and silage in methane production, fermentation characteristics and microbiota using in vitro rumen cultures","volume":"10","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-011X.3322","article-title":"Effects of different mixing ratios of common vetch and oats on forage yield and quality","volume":"49","author":"Okcu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"Comprehensive Production Performance of Annual Grass-Legume Mixture Patterns in the Three-River Headwaters Region","author":"Qian","year":"2023"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.104257","article-title":"Does grass-legume intercropping change soil quality and grain yield in integrated crop-livestock systems","volume":"170","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043514","article-title":"Oat--field pea intercropping for sustainable oat production: effect on yield, nutritive value and environmental impact","volume":"15","author":"Tamiru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Agronomic performance, yield, and compatibility of intercropped Sudan grass (Sorghum Sudanense) and vetch species (Vicia dasycarpa) with different seed ratio","volume":"8","author":"Temesgen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-025-07663-5","article-title":"Effects of different cultivation patterns of grasses on plant community structure, soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and functions","volume":"515","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2003.08.002","article-title":"Forage productivity, species evenness and weed invasion in pasture communities","volume":"102","author":"Tracy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12123119","article-title":"Effect of seeding options on interspecific competition in oat (Avena sativa L.)--common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) forage crops","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.3864\/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.002","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation on production performance and nutritional quality of different varieties of forage oat in the Qinghai Lake area","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Agricult. Sin."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14081249","article-title":"Optimizing seeding ratio for legume forage to maximize system productivity and resource use efficiency in mixed cropping systems","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1411687","article-title":"Mixed cropping of Medicago ruthenica-Bromus inermis exhibits higher yield and quality advantages in the Longxi loess plateau region of Northwest China","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15040830","article-title":"Effects of alfalfa--grass mixed sowing on grass yield and rhizosphere soil characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12081936","article-title":"Effects of legume--grass ratio on C and nutrients of root and soil in common vetch--oat mixture under fertilization","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15171884","article-title":"Long-term production performance and stability of alfalfa\/grass mixtures in the Longdong Loess Plateau of China: subjected to various species combinations and seeding ratios","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15030632","article-title":"Dynamics of productivity and nitrogen contribution in mixed legume\/grass grasslands in rain-fed semi-arid areas in Northwest China","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14192942","article-title":"The impact of varieties and growth stages on the production performance and nutritional quality of forage triticale in the Qaidam Basin","volume":"14","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ismeco\/ycae157","article-title":"Long-term cultivation of grass--legume mixtures changed the assembly process of the microbial community and increased microbial community stability","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISME. Commun."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3329\/bjb.v53i4.77676","article-title":"Effects of mixed cropping and inoculants on yield and quality of forage under different inter cropping ratios of oat and field pea","volume":"53","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bangladesh. J. Bot."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13058","article-title":"Characterising the morphological characters and carbohydrate metabolism of oat culms and their association with lodging resistance","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-3001-z","article-title":"Tag-encoded pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial diversity within different alpine grassland ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1337-y","article-title":"Challenges and adaptations of farming to climate change in the North China Plain","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.16742\/j.zgcdxb.20230118","article-title":"Effects of mixed sowing ratios on the production performance of oat and common vetch","volume":"46","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Grassland."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42099-4","article-title":"An early warning signal for grassland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1803106\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:36:14Z","timestamp":1787031374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1803106\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1803106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1803106","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"article-number":"1803106"}}