{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:27:34Z","timestamp":1787120854834,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Facility agricultural greenhouses are prone to forming low-temperature and high-humidity environments, which frequently induce the concurrent outbreak and spread of fungal diseases such as downy mildew, gray mold, and black spot disease. However, existing predictive studies often focus on individual diseases or environmental factors, making it difficult to meet the precise disease control needs in production settings with complex diseases. To address this issue, this study constructs an Infection Suitability Index (ISI) that quantifies humidity suitability using Beta functions and piecewise linear functions, enabling nonlinear coupling of temperature and humidity. With this as the core input, multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), and MLR-SVR hybrid predictive models are developed. The results indicate that ISI is significantly negatively correlated with the incubation period of all three diseases. The MLR-SVR hybrid model demonstrated the best prediction performance, with a coefficient of determination (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) ranging from 0.962 to 0.982 and prediction accuracy between 88.5% and 92.3%. It shows excellent applicability in greenhouse environments. This study provides a new method for multi-disease collaborative early warning in facility cucumber cultivation, and the proposed ISI index along with the hybrid model system has important practical value for intelligent pest control and precision agriculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1809965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:46:25Z","timestamp":1787118385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive prediction of multiple low temperature and high humidity diseases in greenhouse cucumbers based on infection suitability index"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhulin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongqiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianlai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning)","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/951475","article-title":"Hybrid support vector regression and autoregressive integrated moving average models improved by particle swarm optimization for property crime rates forecasting with economic indicators","volume":"2013","author":"Alwee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-100-9-0959","article-title":"Quantitative models for germination and infection of pseudoperonospora cubensis in response to temperature and duration of leaf wetness","volume":"100","author":"Arauz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.107993","article-title":"Cucumber disease recognition with small samples using image-text-label-based multi-modal language model","volume":"211","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2024.107006","article-title":"Small-sample cucumber disease identification based on multimodal self-supervised learning","volume":"188","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15212242","article-title":"Meta-analysis on criteria and forecasting models for potato late blight pathosystem: Assessing robustness and temporal consistency","volume":"15","author":"Casta\u00f1o-Serna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094049","article-title":"A model for sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection and disease development in lettuce, based on the effects of temperature, relative humidity and ascospore density","volume":"9","author":"Clarkson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Development and implementation of a new national warning system for potato late blight in great britain","author":"Dancey","year":"2018"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.13733\/j.jcam.issn.2095-5553.2023.11.021","article-title":"Research on severity classification of cucumber leaf diseases in complex background based on semantic segmentation","volume":"44","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chin. Agric. Mech."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-10-22-0362-KD","article-title":"Plant disease models and forecasting: Changes in principles and applications over the last 50 years","volume":"113","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytopathology\u00ae"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124843","article-title":"Modeling and optimization of environment in agricultural greenhouses for improving cleaner and sustainable crop production","volume":"285","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.113644","article-title":"Hybrid regression and machine learning model for predicting ultimate condition of FRP-confined concrete","volume":"262","author":"Keshtegar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Study on the interaction mechanism between tomato and Botrytis cinerea under temperature-humidity coupling regulation [PhD thesis]","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105621","article-title":"Hyperspectral imaging and 3D technologies for plant phenotyping: From satellite to close-range sensing","volume":"175","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.106751","article-title":"A model-based methodology for the early warning detection of cucumber downy mildew in greenhouses: An experimental evaluation","volume":"194","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.2003.87.5.484","article-title":"Effects of temperature and water vapor pressure on conidial germination and lesion expansion of Sphaerotheca macularis f. sp. fragariae","volume":"87","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Disease"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mran.2017.05.001","article-title":"A model to predict the risk of infection of cucumber by Pseudoperonospora cubensis","volume":"6","author":"Neufeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-07-11-0560","article-title":"Interactive effects of temperature and leaf wetness duration on sporangia germination and infection of cucurbit hosts by pseudoperonospora cubensis","volume":"96","author":"Neufeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-96-0400","article-title":"Relating epidemic progress from a general disease model to seasonal appearance time of rusts in the United States: Implications for soybean rust","volume":"96","author":"Pivonia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Dynamic prediction technology for the meteorological suitability levels of wheat Fusarium head blight in Jiangsu Province","volume-title":"Chin. J. Agric. Meteorol.","author":"Ren","year":"2025"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47672-3_35","article-title":"Comparative study of supervised regression algorithms in machine learning","volume-title":"Advances in Intelligent System and Smart Technologies","author":"Sabouri","year":"2024"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.13802\/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2022.2021065","article-title":"Identification of the Fusarium graminearum species complex causing wheat scab in Shanxi Province and its sensitivity to different fungicides","volume":"49","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plant Prot."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111495","article-title":"Growth kinetics modeling of pseudomonas aeruginosa in natural mineral water","volume":"445","author":"Silva","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-09-16-1232-RE","article-title":"Effects of temperature and moisture on sporulation and infection by pseudoperonospora cubensis","volume":"101","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2013.06.007","article-title":"Parameter sensitivity analysis of crop growth models based on the extended fourier amplitude sensitivity test method","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.109015","article-title":"A partial transfer component regression framework for standard-free calibration transfer of NIR spectroscopic data for soil analysis","volume":"223","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.16355\/j.tyut.1007-9432.20230482","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the temperature-humidity field in spring solar greenhouses based on soil evaporation and crop transpiration","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Taiyuan Univ. Technol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.11923\/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas19030005","article-title":"Effect of temperature and humidity on infection of strawberry leaves by Colletotrichum fragariae","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105828","article-title":"Zero- and few-shot learning for diseases recognition of citrus aurantium L. using conditional adversarial autoencoders","volume":"179","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1809965\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:46:30Z","timestamp":1787118390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1809965\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1809965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1809965","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"article-number":"1809965"}}