{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:52:42Z","timestamp":1784771562128,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) play a critical role in oxidative stress resistance; however, their functions in rhizobium-legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) are not well understood. In this study, we systematically characterized four Msrs (MsrA1, MsrB1, MsrA2, MsrB2) from\n                    <jats:italic>Mesorhizobium huakuii<\/jats:italic>\n                    7653R, a symbiotic partner of\n                    <jats:italic>Astragalus sinicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sequence and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of conserved catalytic domains and revealed genus-specific clustering of these Msrs. Expression profiling demonstrated distinct patterns:\n                    <jats:italic>msrA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>msrB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    were transiently induced during early symbiotic infection, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>msrA2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>msrB2<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited biphasic upregulation at both early infection and nodule maturation stages. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>msrA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    responded specifically to H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and all\n                    <jats:italic>msr<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were induced by sodium hypochlorite in a concentration-dependent manner. Phenotypic analyses of overexpression (OE) and deletion (\u0394) strains indicated that Msrs modulate key bacterial physiological traits. Deletion mutants showed impaired motility, reduced biofilm formation, and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), accompanied by elevated intracellular superoxide anion and H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    content. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>msrs<\/jats:italic>\n                    overexpression enhanced oxidative stress resistance but suppressed bacterial growth. In symbiotic assays, overexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>msrA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>msrA2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or\n                    <jats:italic>msrB2<\/jats:italic>\n                    resulted in leaf chlorosis, reduced nodule number, and impaired nitrogen fixation efficiency, while\n                    <jats:italic>msrA2\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>msrB2\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants affected nodulation without compromising plant vigor. Further investigation revealed that Msrs regulate host root antioxidant responses and the transcription of symbiotic-related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>AsNIN<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>AsNPL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and defense-related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>AsFLS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>AsPR10<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Bacterial two-hybrid assays identified physical interactions between Msrs and chaperone proteins (GroEL1\/2\/3), antioxidant enzymes (SodA\/B, KatE\/G), and the LysR-type transcriptional regulator LsrB, suggesting the formation of an integrated redox regulatory network. Collectively, our findings demonstrate functional specialization of Msrs in\n                    <jats:italic>M. huakuii<\/jats:italic>\n                    7653R, mediating oxidative stress resistance, bacterial physiology, and host\u2013symbiont crosstalk. We propose a \u201cMsr \u2013 antioxidant enzyme \u2013 host gene\u201d regulatory model that maintains redox homeostasis during SNF. This study provides novel insights into the roles of rhizobial Msrs and offers potential targets for engineering high-efficiency nitrogen-fixing strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1811549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:00:23Z","timestamp":1780466423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An integrated Msr-antioxidase-host gene circuit maintains redox homeostasis in legume-rhizobium symbiosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zaiyong","family":"Si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology","place":["Liuzhou, China"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology","place":["Liuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology","place":["Liuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology","place":["Liuzhou, China"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology","place":["Liuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiufeng","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology","place":["Liuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology","place":["Liuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1214","article-title":"The discovery of methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes: an historical account and future perspectives","volume":"41","author":"Achilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04190.x","article-title":"Methionine sulphoxide reductase is an important antioxidant enzyme in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori","volume":"53","author":"Alamuri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. 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