{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:06:05Z","timestamp":1792598765390,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) is an established strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to biotic stress, yet its metabolic consequences under nanoparticle-assisted delivery remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated metabolic reprogramming in tomato roots (\n                    <jats:italic>Solanum lycopersicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) challenged with the pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Erwinia persicina<\/jats:italic>\n                    following treatment with PGPR strain\n                    <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas rhizophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Sr) applied either alone or conjugated to phycosynthesized gold nanoparticles using\n                    <jats:italic>Caulerpa sertularioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Bionanogold synthesis was confirmed by UV\u2013Visible surface plasmon resonance (~534 nm). Successful conjugation with\n                    <jats:italic>S. rhizophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Sr-AuNPs) was validated via TEM, FTIR, dynamic light scattering (size increase from 78.15 \u00b1 10.89 nm to 90.96 \u00b1 1.96 nm), zeta potential (\u221228.56 mV), and ICP-MS, indicating stable nanoparticle\u2013bacteria association. The integrated metabolic fingerprinting of tomato root exudates obtained from GC\u2013MS, LC\u2013MS\/MS, and\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H NMR data was normalized and autoscaled prior to multivariate analysis. The variations in metabolic signatures associated with tomato roots under different treatments- control (T1), rhizobacteria (T2: Sr+Ep), rhizobacteria conjugated with nanoparticles (T3: Sr-AuNPs+Ep), and pathogens (T4: Ep) were characterized and distinguished by multivariate analysis. Various metabolites with distinct signatures were observed among the different treatments through one-way ANOVA test with FDR adjustment. These included LC\u2013MS\/MS m\/z 338.33 (putative signature 13-docosenamide or Tentative lipid amide (C22), long chain lipid-associated ions (m\/z 337.06), derivatives of Benzoic acid, oleanitrile and\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H NMR peaks related to lipid, Citrate\/succinate, and oxygenated compounds. Pathway topology analysis revealed that the TCA cycle, Flavonoid biosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and Cutin\/Suberin\/Wax biosynthesis were some of the more significant pathways represented in the detected metabolite data set. These pathway-level associations should be regarded as preliminary indications of functional relationships among the detected metabolites, rather than direct or conclusive evidence of pathway activation or metabolic flux changes. FTIR analysis further supported treatment-associated biochemical variation in root exudates. Collectively, the nanoparticle-conjugated rhizobacterial treatment was associated with a metabolite profile distinct from both the pathogen-only and rhizobacteria-only treatments. This provides a preliminary metabolomic framework for understanding nano-enabled plant\u2013microbe interactions under biotic stress.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1824882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:52:29Z","timestamp":1781675549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metabolic reprogramming of tomato roots during rhizobacteria-mediated defense against Erwinia persicina: modulation by gold nanoparticle conjugation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nedaa","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Sabah Al-Salem University City","place":["Al-Shaddadiya, Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narjes","family":"Haje Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Sabah Al-Salem University City","place":["Al-Shaddadiya, Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anandavalli Inbamani","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Sabah Al-Salem University City","place":["Al-Shaddadiya, Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-021-01199-8","article-title":"Genomic assessment of Stenotrophomonas indicatrix for improved sunflower plant","volume":"67","author":"Adeleke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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