{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:46:30Z","timestamp":1782798390422,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a rapidly spreading plant pathogen that threatens tomato cultivation worldwide, leading to economic losses. ToBRFV-A134T, a new isolate, induces a subset of plant responses characterized by unique severe shoestring-like and fern-like manifestations. We aimed to investigate the differential host response of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Tm-2\n                        <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      -resistant tomato plants toward ToBRFV-A134T versus the wildtype isolate (ToBRFV-WT) to understand the mechanisms underlying these distinct manifestations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed symptomatology analysis to follow the temporal development of shoestring and fern-like symptoms in ToBRFV-A134T-infected tomato plants. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of RNA-seq data from three biological replicates per leaf manifestation, sampled at 38 days post-inoculation, was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways. In parallel, ToBRFV-WT-infected tomato plants were treated with exogenous auxin to test whether auxin perturbation could recapitulate ToBRFV-A134T-associated symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shoestring symptoms consistently preceded fern-like symptoms in ToBRFV-A134T-infected plants and progressed to a mixture of manifestations at late disease stages. ToBRFV-A134T-induced shoestring symptoms were associated with a distinct subset of auxin-responsive genes and enrichment of the MAP kinase pathway. Salicylic acid-mediated defense was suppressed in shoestring leaves but remained active in fern-like leaves, as indicated by downregulation versus upregulation of Pathogenesis related-1 (PR-1) genes, respectively. Despite equivalent ToBRFV accumulation across infected phenotypes, fern-like leaves showed a transcriptional profile highly similar to that of healthy, non-infected controls. Exogenous auxin treatments of ToBRFV-WT-infected plants increased the occurrence of shoestring symptoms and recapitulated the unique fern-like manifestations induced by ToBRFV-A134T.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that distinct rewiring of auxin signaling, MAPK signaling, and salicylic acid-mediated defense is associated with divergent foliar manifestations of ToBRFV disease in\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Tm-2\n                        <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      -resistant tomato plants. Auxin emerges as a key determinant of symptom identity, linking hormonal crosstalk to the contrasting shoestring and fern-like outcomes observed for the ToBRFV-A134T isolate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1828330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:37:10Z","timestamp":1782797830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rewiring of auxin and MAPK signaling is associated with contrasting shoestring and fern-like manifestations in ToBRFV-A134T-infected tomato"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ori","family":"Molad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center","place":["Rishon LeZion, Israel"]},{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisheva","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center","place":["Rishon LeZion, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Leibman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center","place":["Rishon LeZion, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Sela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Unit, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center","place":["Rishon LeZion, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meital","family":"Reches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aviv","family":"Dombrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center","place":["Rishon LeZion, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2023.111638","article-title":"SlGH3.15, a member of the GH3 gene family, regulates lateral root development and gravitropism response by modulating auxin homeostasis in tomato","volume":"330","author":"Ai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2020.07.004","article-title":"Pathogenesis related protein-1 (PR-1) genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.): Bioinformatics analyses and expression profiles in response to drought stress","volume":"112","author":"Akbudak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-017-1180-2","article-title":"Molecular and biological characterization of an isolate of Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) infecting tomato and other experimental hosts in eastern Spain","volume":"149","author":"Ambr\u00f3s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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