{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:12:39Z","timestamp":1788916359136,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wheat kernel hardness, vitreousness, and creaseness are key determinants of milling performance, yet they reflect different physical scales of grain structure and are not necessarily coupled.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a digital phenotyping framework based on hyperspectral imaging and spectral unmixing to quantify these traits at both kernel and cultivar levels in a diverse panel of common wheat. Pixel-level spectral unmixing resolved glassy, intermediate, and mealy endosperm components within individual kernels, enabling vitreousness to be expressed as a continuous spatial index.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hyperspectral-derived vitreousness index showed moderate associations with kernel protein content and the protein-to-starch ratio, consistent with variation in endosperm packing density, but weak relationships with kernel hardness and crease geometry. Kernel hardness, primarily determined by puroindoline genotype, showed limited association with bulk protein and starch composition. Crease geometry, quantified using composite indices from RGB images, captured macroscopic grain features largely independent of both hardness and vitreousness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate that hardness, vitreousness, and creaseness represent complementary but largely independent dimensions of grain quality, corresponding to molecular-scale adhesion, mesoscale packing, and macroscopic geometry, respectively. The proposed framework provides a scalable, non-destructive approach for resolving intra-kernel heterogeneity, enabling improved digital phenotyping for wheat breeding and quality assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1832288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T04:18:15Z","timestamp":1779077895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatially resolved quantification of wheat kernel vitreousness using hyperspectral imaging and spectral unmixing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Seok Won","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurim","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Wheat Research Team, National Institute of Crop and Food Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA)","place":["Wanju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang-Hyun","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University","place":["Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chon-Sik","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Team, National Institute of Crop and Food Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA)","place":["Wanju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Heui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Team, National Institute of Crop and Food Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA)","place":["Wanju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Il","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myoung-Goo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Team, National Institute of Crop and Food Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA)","place":["Wanju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-015-2467-8","article-title":"X-ray fluorescence microscopy of zinc localization in wheat grains biofortified through foliar zinc applications at different growth stages under field conditions","volume":"392","author":"Ajiboye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1094\/cchem-12-14-0249-r","article-title":"Effect of dark, hard, and vitreous kernel content on protein molecular weight distribution and on milling and breadmaking quality characteristics for hard spring wheat samples from diverse growing regions","volume":"92","author":"Baasandorj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"443","article-title":"The nature of the starch-protein interface in wheat endosperm","volume":"50","author":"Barlow","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702894202201","article-title":"Standard normal variate transformation and de-trending of near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra","volume":"43","author":"Barnes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. 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