{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:15:30Z","timestamp":1783318530455,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ginkgo fruits in natural field environments are characterized by low color saliency, small target size, severe occlusion by branches and leaves, and complex illumination variations. These factors significantly reduce real-time detection accuracy and limit the applicability of existing object detection methods in practical agricultural scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address these challenges, this study proposes a real-time ginkgo fruit detection method based on an improved YOLOv11n framework. A multi-scenario dataset was constructed by collecting ginkgo fruit images under diverse lighting conditions, occlusion levels, and viewing angles, and data augmentation strategies were applied to improve sample diversity and model generalization. On this basis, a CFNet channel fusion module was embedded into the backbone network, a DynamicHead detection head was introduced to enhance multi-scale feature representation, and the original loss function was replaced with the Efficient IoU (EIoU) loss to improve bounding box regression accuracy. These improvements collectively form the proposed CED-YOLOv11n model, achieving a balanced optimization between detection accuracy and inference efficiency. The effectiveness of the model was validated through Grad-CAM visualization analysis, ablation studies, and comparative experiments with classical object detection models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental results show that the proposed CED-YOLOv11n achieves a precision of 94.6%, a recall of 85.4%, and a mean average precision (mAP) of 93.8% on the constructed ginkgo fruit dataset. In addition, the model is lightweight, with a parameter size of only 4.96 MB, and achieves an inference speed of 53.2 FPS, demonstrating strong real-time performance. Compared with mainstream object detection models such as DETR, Faster R-CNN, and YOLOv5, the proposed method achieves superior overall detection performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that the proposed method effectively enhances the accuracy and efficiency of ginkgo fruit detection in complex natural environments. It provides technical support for the development of vision-based perception systems in intelligent ginkgo harvesting equipment and offers a reference for further optimization and integration of smart agricultural machinery systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1836867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T05:38:57Z","timestamp":1783316337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An improved YOLOv11n-based method for high-precision detection of ginkgo fruits in complex natural environments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhenyang","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University","place":["Harbin, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Northeast Smart Agriculture Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhentao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University","place":["Shihezi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruohan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural Equipment and Energy Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongbin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University","place":["Harbin, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Northeast Smart Agriculture Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University","place":["Harbin, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Northeast Smart Agriculture Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2016.06.014","article-title":"Agricultural robots for field operations: Concepts and components","volume":"149","author":"Bechar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosyst. 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