{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:00:38Z","timestamp":1781071238107,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Photoautotrophic micropropagation (PAM), which employs sugar-free media and ventilated culture vessels to enhance plantlet photoautotrophic capacity and overall quality, has substantial potential to increase propagation efficiency when integrated with an appropriate propagation protocol. In this study, we established a PAM propagation protocol for medicinal cannabis (\n                    <jats:italic>Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) using two genotypically different cultivars, \u2018Charlotte\u2019 and \u2018Auto Charlotte\u2019, and systematically evaluated the genetic similarity of plantlets across all successive batches via inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers as well as their performance after transplanting. Furthermore, a cultivar-specific logistic growth model was used to estimate annual yield and optimize the mother plant culture cycle for maximizing production. Results showed that under PAM conditions, mother plants sustained 11 batches of shoot tip harvest within a 98-d cycle. The propagation coefficients of \u2018Charlotte\u2019 and \u2018Auto Charlotte\u2019 reached 12.0 (95%CI: 11.0-13.0) and 11.3 (95%CI: 10.5-12.2), respectively. After 35 days of culture, plantlets from all batches exhibited uniform morphological and physiological traits, with rooting rates exceeding 70%. These plantlets could be directly transplanted without acclimatization, and minor growth differences between batches were eliminated by extending the culture cycle by one week. ISSR markers detected no obvious polymorphism between regenerated plantlets and their respective mother plants, with all similarity coefficients exceeding 0.90. Model simulations suggested that a 70-day culture cycle could maximize annual production, reaching a yield of 50,417\u201354,034 plants m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    . In conclusion, this study established an efficient PAM propagation protocol with high genetic similarity for the two tested medicinal cannabis cultivars, thereby providing technical support for cannabis plantlet production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1846572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:21:01Z","timestamp":1781068861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient propagation protocol and genetic similarity assessment of medicinal cannabis based on photoautotrophic micropropagation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Juwen","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Intelligence Engineering, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuye","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Intelligence Engineering, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Intelligence Engineering, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Intelligence Engineering, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-023-10377-x","article-title":"Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) reveals greater somatic mutations than simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in micropropagated cannabis plants","volume":"59","author":"Adamek","year":"2023","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. 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