{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T11:54:29Z","timestamp":1782906869390,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S006017N, 1S10025N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S006017N, 1S10025N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Belgian endive-derived biostimulant (BEE) has been previously shown to enhance root and shoot growth of\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Plectranthus esculentus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    culturing conditions. In this study, we evaluated the effect of BEE on\n                    <jats:italic>A. thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    subjected to abiotic stresses and assessed the translatability of its bioactivity to lettuce (\n                    <jats:italic>Lactuca sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and sweet pepper (\n                    <jats:italic>Capsicum annuum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) grown in substrate and soil. A first set of experiments tested the impact of BEE on protection during and on recovery after osmotic or salt (NaCl) stress. BEE treatment had little to no restorative effect when plants were exposed to osmotic stress. In contrast, BEE strongly promoted shoot development and leaf health under both standard and NaCl stress conditions. Under mild NaCl stress, BEE enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas it did not significantly alleviate osmotic stress induced by sorbitol. To evaluate its effect under\n                    <jats:italic>ex vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions, BEE was applied via root drenching to substrate-grown\n                    <jats:italic>A. thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , lettuce, and sweet pepper. BEE improved leaf greenness and photosynthesis, enhancing\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    rosette development, but did not increase lettuce head weight. In sweet pepper, BEE increased fruit yield and promoted fruit maturation. Under drought stress conditions, however, BEE application did not improve sweet pepper yield. These results indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    BEE growth promotion is translatable to ex vitro cultivation system and its effect under stress conditions vary depending on the kind of stress. Additionally, BEE is consistent in improving photosynthesis parameters,fruit maturation and ripening.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1852440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T11:43:01Z","timestamp":1782906181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Belgian endive-derived biostimulant activity in Arabidopsis, lettuce, and sweet pepper at different developmental stages, environmental conditions, and application methods"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Halimat Yewande","family":"Ogunsanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plants and Crops, HortiCell group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plants and Crops, HortiCell group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Audenaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"De Zutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Geelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plants and Crops, HortiCell group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Characterisation of ethylene pathway components in non-climacteric capsicum\n          \n          \n            \n              Aizat\n              W. 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