{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:22:01Z","timestamp":1789993321298,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Drought stress is among the most critical limitations to maize productivity, particularly under rainfed conditions. In this study, we explored the Brazilian Caatinga biome as a source of drought adapted plant growth-promoting bacteria and evaluated their potential to mitigate drought effects in maize (\n                    <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.). A total of 414 thermo-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from soil, of which 28\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were able to grow under low water activity. These strains exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting traits\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including exopolysaccharide production, biofilm formation, siderophore production, indole-3-acetic acid synthesis, putative nitrogen fixation, and phosphate solubilization. Twelve selected strains significantly improved root morphology, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD units), and biomass accumulation in maize seedlings under osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol. Notably, strain 1A11 showed the most consistent effects, promoting root growth and biomass accumulation under both stressed and non-stressed conditions, indicating constitutive growth promotion across environments, whereas other strains showed stronger responses under stress. This stability across environments strengthens its agronomic value, particularly in regions characterized by high rainfall variability. Genome sequencing of five elite strains (1A11, 5D5, 6E9, 1H10, and 2E7) identified conserved gene clusters associated with exopolysaccharide production, indole-3-acetic acid synthesis, phosphate metabolism, iron acquisition (siderophore synthesis), synthesis of volatile compounds, motility, chemotaxis, and general responses to osmotic and oxidative stress. Multi-location field trials conducted across five locations in Brazil, under rainfed conditions, indicate that strains 1A11 (\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), 5D5, and 6E9 (\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) consistently increased grain yield compared to the non-inoculated control and performed similarly to or better than a commercial inoculant. Mean productivity gains with the strain 1A11 reached up to 39% relative to the non-inoculated treatment across environments. These results indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains isolated from semi-arid soils were able to convert multifunctional potential into measurable agronomic gains under field conditions, demonstrating their potential as bioinoculants to enhance maize resilience under water-limited agricultural systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1867580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:10:16Z","timestamp":1784095816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bacillus from the Brazilian Caatinga biome enhances maize productivity and agronomic performance under rainfed conditions across multi-location field trials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ubiraci Gomes de Paula","family":"Lana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Maize and Sorghum","place":["Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia Morais","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Maize and Sorghum","place":["Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara Temponi Vilarino","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Lavras","place":["Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louren\u00e7o Vitor Silva","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Del-Rei","place":["S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane Abreu de Oliveira","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Maize and Sorghum","place":["Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor Silv\u00e9rio Alves","family":"de Avelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Del-Rei","place":["S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo C\u00e9sar","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Maize and Sorghum","place":["Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio Cezar Souza","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Digital Agriculture","place":["Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldo Magela de Almeida","family":"Can\u00e7ado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Digital Agriculture","place":["Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane Aparecida","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Maize and Sorghum","place":["Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped blast and psi-blast: a new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0276-2","article-title":"Bacterial diversity of surface sand samples from the gobi and taklamaken deserts","volume":"66","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. 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