{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:24:11Z","timestamp":1786947851067,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been widely used in forest inventories, where tree detection rate serves as a key indicator of scanning efficiency. However, limited research has focused on the quantitative correlation between plot design and detection rate. In this study, we systemically investigate how plot characteristics\u2014including plot size, stem density, and diameter at breast height (DBH)\u2014affect tree detection rate, using a combined approach of theoretical derivation, simulated point clouds, and field measurements. Based on scanning geometry, we derive an analytical detection rate formula that accounts for inter-tree occlusion and spatial tree distribution to estimate tree detection probability. For simulation analysis, we generate point clouds for 1600 virtual plots with controlled gradients of plot radius (10\u201325 m), stem density (200\u20131400 stems ha\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b9), and DBH (0.1\u20130.4 m). The derived model is further validated using field TLS data from real forest plots. Results show that the theoretical detection rate estimates agree well with both simulated and field-measured values. The proposed formula can provide a reliable baseline for predicting detection rates in TLS plot scanning and support the optimization of forest inventory experimental design, demonstrating applicable practical value for operational forest surveys.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1869500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T05:25:22Z","timestamp":1786944322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Theoretical derivation and experimental validation of tree detection rate in TLS-based forest plot surveys"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jingdong","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Forestry University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Forestry University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Forestry University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayue","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Forestry University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Forestry University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Forestry University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061021","article-title":"Benchmarking geometry-based leaf-filtering algorithms for tree volume estimation using terrestrial LiDAR scanners","volume":"16","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2025.2474836","article-title":"A hybrid approach for enhanced tree volume estimation of complex trees using terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"62","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.493899","article-title":"Evaluating forest biometrics obtained from ground lidar in complex riparian forests","volume":"2","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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