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However, these decisions are inherently uncertain, as some treatments ultimately prove unnecessary, although this information only becomes available retrospectively from observed conditions. This study explores the integration of an advanced spore detection device to better target fungicide applications in vineyards, aiming to reduce the use of phytosanitary products while maintaining high grape quality. The stand-alone device uses digital holography combined with artificial intelligence (AI) for detecting and classifying airborne spores of both downy and powdery mildew. It enables the tracking of disease dynamics as well as the assessment of environmental conditions and treatment effects on spore counts. Two case studies with real-time data access in Changins, Switzerland and Ch\u00e2teau le Puy, France, are presented and revealed promising strategies for substantial reductions in fungicide use while maintaining effective disease control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1871510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:44:27Z","timestamp":1790228667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smart agriculture using digital holography and artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tessa Chiara","family":"Basso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Applied Physics","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope Changins, Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection","place":["Nyon, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Institut des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Ullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Applied Physics","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adimulya","family":"Kartiyasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Applied Physics","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livio","family":"Ruzzante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope Changins, Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection","place":["Nyon, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Schn\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope Changins, Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection","place":["Nyon, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Lise","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope Changins, Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection","place":["Nyon, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Hewison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chateau Le Puy","place":["Saint-Cibard, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Kasparian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Applied Physics","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Institut des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Applied Physics","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Henri","family":"Dubuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope Changins, Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection","place":["Nyon, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Applied Physics","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2025.2460576","article-title":"Optical trapping-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (OT-SERS) for sensing single bioaerosol particles in air","volume":"59","author":"Ai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. 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