{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:56:49Z","timestamp":1790751409682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Styrelsen f\u00f6r Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Peronospora variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causal agent of downy mildew disease, is an important pathogen affecting quinoa production worldwide. Conventionally its detection relies primarily on visual scoring of chlorosis, at times complemented by PCR-based assays targeting the cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>cox2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) or internal transcribed spacer (\n                    <jats:italic>ITS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) regions. In this study, we evaluated three candidate qPCR markers (\n                    <jats:italic>cox2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>nad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and \u03b2-tubulin (\n                    <jats:italic>btub<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and developed a\n                    <jats:italic>btub<\/jats:italic>\n                    -based qPCR assay for quantifying\n                    <jats:italic>P. variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    during infection. Among the three markers, the\n                    <jats:italic>btub<\/jats:italic>\n                    assay showed the best overall performance, with amplification efficiencies of 99\u2013111% and coefficients of determination (R\u00b2) above 0.99 and was therefore selected for pathogen quantification. The\n                    <jats:italic>btub<\/jats:italic>\n                    -based qPCR assay enabled quantification of\n                    <jats:italic>P. variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    throughout disease progression and revealed three distinct phases of pathogen accumulation. Pathogen DNA accumulation was compared with chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenolics, betalains, and a rapid Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) colorimetric analysis. The pathogen accumulation curves revealed similar infection dynamics among cultivars previously classified as tolerant or susceptible, suggesting that differences in previously reported cultivar tolerance are not readily explained by pathogen accumulation in the sampled leaf tissue alone. This work introduces a qPCR assay targeting\n                    <jats:italic>btub<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene for quantifying\n                    <jats:italic>P. variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in host plants, addressing the current incompleteness of validated molecular tools for tracking pathogen DNA accumulation during disease development and providing a valuable tool for linking pathogen growth with host physiological responses in future studies on plant\u2013pathogen interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1872093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:06:43Z","timestamp":1790748403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A beta-tubulin-based qPCR assay for monitoring of Peronospora variabilis and disease progression in quinoa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Valeria D.","family":"Palma-Encinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University","place":["Lund, Sweden"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andr\u00e9s UMSA","place":["La Paz, Bolivia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge F.","family":"Yaniquez Vedia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University","place":["Lund, Sweden"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andr\u00e9s UMSA","place":["La Paz, Bolivia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela","family":"Claure-Mollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andr\u00e9s UMSA","place":["La Paz, Bolivia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keveen F.","family":"Vasquez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andr\u00e9s UMSA","place":["La Paz, Bolivia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Nogales-Ascarrunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andr\u00e9s UMSA","place":["La Paz, Bolivia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Huanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andr\u00e9s UMSA","place":["La Paz, Bolivia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Mollinedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas IIQ, Universidad Mayor de San Andr\u00e9s UMSA","place":["La Paz, Bolivia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claes","family":"von Wachenfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University","place":["Lund, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan G.","family":"Rasmusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University","place":["Lund, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323067","article-title":"Investigating the biochemical variations in onion leaves due to purple blotch disease and its management through induced resistance","volume":"20","author":"Asghar","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm298","article-title":"Plant physiology meets phytopathology: plant primary metabolism and plant\u2013pathogen interactions","volume":"58","author":"Berger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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