{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:25:45Z","timestamp":1790717145685,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizoctonia solani<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a soil-borne phytopathogen with a broad host range, classified into multiple anastomosis groups (AGs). While the rice sheath blight pathogen AG-1 IA is well-studied, defense mechanisms against AG-4, which infects diverse monocots and dicots, remain unclear. Here, we screened 153\n                    <jats:italic>Brachypodium distachyon<\/jats:italic>\n                    accessions for resistance to AG-4 HG-I+II using both leaf and soil inoculation assays. The accessions exhibited a quantitative resistance spectrum in both assays. Some accessions were resistant to both methods, while others showed resistance in only one, indicating that leaf and root defenses operate independently. Unlike the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance observed in several accessions against AG-1 IA, AG-4 leaf resistance appears to be largely SA-independent. Among 22 resistant accessions, only eight induced the SA marker\n                    <jats:italic>BdWRKY38<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas twelve induced the jasmonic acid (JA) marker\n                    <jats:italic>BdAOS<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally, resistance in Bd3\u20131 was unaffected by expression of the SA hydroxylase NahG. These results are consistent with previous findings that exogenous application of SA, JA, or ethylene fails to confer AG-4 resistance. Instead, most AG-4-resistant accessions showed common upregulation of cell wall biosynthesis-related genes following leaf infection, suggesting that cell wall fortification may contribute to defense against AG-4. These findings establish\n                    <jats:italic>B. distachyon<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a valuable model for dissecting resistance mechanisms against\n                    <jats:italic>R. solani<\/jats:italic>\n                    AG-4.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1875734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:39:06Z","timestamp":1783057146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantitative resistance to Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 develops independently in leaves and roots of Brachypodium distachyon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rozi","family":"Fernanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Mahadevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]},{"name":"Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka","place":["Talawakelle, Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuka","family":"Kohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Nagao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanami","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Ichinose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Kouzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Stress Management Group, Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Mochida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science","place":["Yokohama, Japan"]},{"name":"Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University","place":["Yokohama, Japan"]},{"name":"School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University","place":["Nagasaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiteru","family":"Noutoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010076","article-title":"Surveillance of pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani Japanese isolates with varied anastomosis groups and subgroups on Arabidopsis 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