{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:16:38Z","timestamp":1786115798504,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chlorophyll (Chl) degradation via the pheophorbide\n                      <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                      oxygenase\/phyllobilin (PaO\/PB) pathway produces linear tetrapyrrolic phyllobilins (PBs) during leaf senescence and infection by certain pathogens, such as phytoplasmas. Since leaf yellowing, or chlorosis, is a common symptom of fungal disease in apple (\n                      <jats:italic>Malus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00d7\n                      <jats:italic>domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                      Borkh.) and other plants, PB formation was analyzed during four fungal diseases to evaluate the general relevance of the PaO\/PB pathway during infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive, targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) method was used to profile a total of 79 known and putative PBs in healthy, naturally senescent, and symptomatic leaves infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Diplocarpon coronariae, Alternaria alternata, Venturia inaequalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , or\n                      <jats:italic>Podosphaera leucotricha<\/jats:italic>\n                      , using five biological replicates per condition (n=5). Statistical analysis of Chl values was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s post-hoc test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This method allowed us to detect 36 PBs, including eleven previously unknown PBs, one of which carries an unprecedented methoxy modification.\n                      <jats:italic>Diplocarpon coronariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection induced extensive chlorosis and a PB profile comparable to senescence, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>A. alternata, V. inaequalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>P. leucotricha<\/jats:italic>\n                      did not substantially increase PB diversity or abundance, despite affecting photosynthetic tissues. These results are coherent with the Chl amount in leaves. In\n                      <jats:italic>D. coronariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , an induced extensive chlorosis emerged in infection, with the total Chl reduced from 61.9 \u00b1 5.3 \u00b5g cm\u207b\u00b2 in healthy leaves to 12.4 \u00b1 5.3 \u00b5g cm\u207b\u00b2 in diseased leaves (p &amp;lt; 0.001, significant reduction), resulting in a PB profile comparable to natural senescence. In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic>P. leucotricha<\/jats:italic>\n                      (60.7 vs. 55.5 \u00b5g cm\u207b\u00b2; p = 0.16, no significant difference) and\n                      <jats:italic>A. alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                      (41.4 vs. 49.0 \u00b5g cm\u207b\u00b2; p = 0.15, no significant difference), showed no significant reduction in Chl and substantial increase in PB diversity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that engagement of the PaO\/PB pathway in apple leaves is strongly associated with chlorosis, whether induced by natural senescence or specific pathogens, suggesting a general role of this catabolic route in chlorotic infections<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1876034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T05:33:16Z","timestamp":1785994396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phyllobilomics: a comprehensive analysis of phyllobilins in apple (Malus \u00d7 domestica Borkh.) leaves after fungal infections suggests a general role of the PaO\/PB pathway in chlorotic infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Vestrucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laimburg Research Centre","place":["Auer\/Ora, Italy"]},{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano","place":["Bozen\/Bolzano, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa Marie","family":"Gorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laimburg Research Centre","place":["Auer\/Ora, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urban","family":"Spitaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laimburg Research Centre","place":["Auer\/Ora, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Oettl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laimburg Research Centre","place":["Auer\/Ora, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Robatscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laimburg Research Centre","place":["Auer\/Ora, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Scampicchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano","place":["Bozen\/Bolzano, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Oberhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laimburg Research Centre","place":["Auer\/Ora, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020991023248","article-title":"Chlorophyll breakdown in spinach: On the structure of five nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites","volume":"74","author":"Berghold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photosynth. 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