{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T16:01:24Z","timestamp":1786636884559,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Alternative routes for producing animal proteins are crucial for reducing the reliance on traditional livestock farming, which contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and water consumption. Myoglobin (Mb) is an important oxygen-binding hemoprotein found in vertebrate muscle which enhances the nutritional and sensorial properties of meat. Due to its unique functionality, Mb has been heterologously expressed in a variety of organisms, although only transient expression in\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been reported for higher plants. In this study, we used chloroplast transformation technology to express porcine Mb in higher plants (tobacco, a non-edible model plant, and lettuce, an edible host) and bovine Mb in the green alga\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Mb accumulation was estimated by immunoblotting and found to be much higher in tobacco (2.7% total soluble protein (TSP)) and lettuce (1.5% TSP) than\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (&amp;lt;0.25% TSP). The expression in tobacco chloroplasts is also superior to tobacco nuclear expression (using either the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter or the\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    ubiquitin promoter). Total heme levels were elevated in myoglobin-producing mutants compared with control plants, although porcine Mb purified from tobacco leaves exhibited approximately 35% heme-binding (compared with 80% heme-binding in\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    -expressed Mb), despite being correctly folded, suggesting that heme availability might be a bottleneck. Overall, our work describes the first report of stable Mb production in higher plants and its effect on photosynthesis and heme levels. This provides a foundation for future plant-made animal proteins for food applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1876707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T05:33:53Z","timestamp":1785994433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustainable production of myoglobin meat protein in plant chloroplasts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alexia","family":"Groff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Bezos Centre for Sustainable Protein, Imperial College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Bezos Centre for Sustainable Protein, Imperial College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mistianne","family":"Feeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyomei, Ltd.","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian P.","family":"Whitelegge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)","place":["Los Angeles, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengxi","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanchang University\u2013Imperial College London Joint Laboratory on Photosynthesis and Low Carbon Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyomei, Ltd.","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Julian","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Bezos Centre for Sustainable Protein, Imperial College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-017-0179-1","article-title":"Recent achievements obtained by chloroplast transformation","volume":"13","author":"Adem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/s1046-5928(02)00651-4","article-title":"Fast purification of the Apo form and of a non-binding heme mutant of recombinant sperm whale myoglobin","volume":"28","author":"Almeida Ribeiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Protein Expr Purif."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/phu001","article-title":"What's wrong with factory farming","volume":"8","author":"Anomaly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Ethics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313x.2010.04268.x","article-title":"Identification of protein stability determinants in chloroplasts","volume":"63","author":"Apel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/bioprotoc.1594","article-title":"Pyridine hemochromagen assay for determining the concentration of heme in purified protein solutions","volume":"5","author":"Barr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bio Protoc."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00509","article-title":"Insights into genetic and molecular elements for transgenic crop development","volume":"11","author":"Basso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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