{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:00:27Z","timestamp":1786118427674,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018566","name":"Special Fund for Henan Agriculture Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The optimal of organic fertilizer for substituting chemical fertilizer in a specific planting system is unclear. This study aimed to clarify how organic substitution regulates nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) transformation and utilization in the soil\u2013wheat system under different cropping systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated three organic fertilizer substitution (0%, 25%, 50%) on N and P transformation and utilization in the soil-wheat environment under maize-wheat (MW), peanut-wheat (PW), and soybean-wheat (SW) cropping systems. Indicators related to rhizosphere soil N (N-acq) and P-acquiring (P-acq) enzyme activities, wheat root N and P metabolism enzyme activities, N and P nutrient accumulation and utilization, and yield.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Organic substitution reduced the N-acq enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil (2.50%-35.32%) and the mineral N (N\n                      <jats:sub>min<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) content, but increased the P-acq enzyme activity (0.81% to 18.15%) and the available P (AP) content (0.68%-31.51%). It also enhanced the N (NR, GS, GDH, GOGAT) and P metabolism (ACP) enzymes in wheat roots, thereby promoting the accumulation of N and P. Under the MW, the 25% substitution rate performed best root N and P metabolism enzyme activities, N and P-use efficiency (NUE, PUE), and grain N and P accumulation. Meanwhile, under the SW and PW, the 50% substitution rate was superior.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The key drivers of yield formation were N related parameters under the MW and P related parameters under the SW and PW. Present study, 25% organic substitution is suitable for the MW cropping system, while 50% suits SW and PW cropping systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1877524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T15:52:29Z","timestamp":1786031549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cropping system regulates the optimal organic substitution ratio via soil-plant nitrogen and phosphorus transformation and utilization"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yaqian","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoting","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifang","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dexian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65784-w","article-title":"Impact of varied tillage practices and phosphorus fertilization regimes on wheat yield and grain quality parameters in a five-year corn-wheat rotation system","volume":"14","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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