{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:06:45Z","timestamp":1791562005373,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and their ratio are fundamental to plant carbon metabolism and nutrient balance, yet the dynamic relationships among these indicators under salt stress remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We measured plant NSC content, and C, N stoichiometry in aboveground and belowground parts of\n                      <jats:italic>Setaria viridis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , along with soil pH, electrical conductivity, C and N content, across a salinity gradient spanning 91.5\u00a0km in the Xiaokai River irrigation area of the Yellow River Delta, China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that plant NSC content was consistently higher in aboveground parts than in belowground parts across growth stages, indicating an aboveground\u2212prioritized carbon strategy. For plant NSC components, soluble sugars acted as the primary drivers of NSC accumulation and dominated carbon partitioning and utilization, whereas starch played a more prominent role in carbon storage during the late growth stage than in the early growth stage, indicating a stage\u2212dependent shift from immediate energy supply to reserve maintenance during the transition from vegetative growth to reproduction and senescence. For plant C, N stoichiometry, C content remained relatively stable, whereas N content varied significantly along the salinity gradient, resulting in a substantially higher plant C:N ratio in the late growth stage than in the early growth stage. Soil C:N ratio was the dominant factor influencing plant NSC and C, N stoichiometry in the early growth stage, driven by plant nitrogen demand; soil pH and electrical conductivity became dominant factors in the late growth stage, driven by soil salinization and pH conditions that affect nitrogen uptake and ion balance, indicating that the regulation of plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism by soil properties was stage\u2212dependent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>S. viridis<\/jats:italic>\n                      adapts to soil salinity through coordinated regulation of NSC components, carbon and nitrogen balance, and organ\u2212specific allocation, with stage\u2212specific responses to soil drivers. These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding plant adaptation to saline-alkaline environments, and offer practical guidance for species selection and ecological management for vegetation restoration in these regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1880438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:02:06Z","timestamp":1784098926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stage-dependent shifts in non-structural carbohydrates and C, N stoichiometry in Setaria viridis along a salinity gradient in the Xiaokai River irrigation area of the Yellow River Delta, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaozhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology and Genetic Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University","place":["Ji\u2019nan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology and Genetic Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University","place":["Ji\u2019nan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoujin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology and Genetic Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University","place":["Ji\u2019nan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peipei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology and Genetic Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University","place":["Ji\u2019nan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154671","article-title":"The impact of soil pH on heavy metals uptake and photosynthesis efficiency in Melissa officinalis, Taraxacum officinalis, Ocimum basilicum","volume":"27","author":"Adamczyk-Szabela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61153-8_14","article-title":"Role of soluble sugars in metabolism and sensing under abiotic stress","volume-title":"Plant Growth Regulators","author":"Afzal","year":"2021"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-025-02116-3","article-title":"Supplemental nitrogen induces robust physiological and molecular adaptations by enhancing carbon metabolism in maize","volume":"263","author":"Amoah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006","article-title":"Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance","volume":"59","author":"Ashraf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. 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