{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:03:46Z","timestamp":1785308626804,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the main storage lipids in oilseeds, providing energy and carbon during seed germination, and serving as valuable feedstocks for food, feed, and industrial applications. In plants, the terminal acylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to form TAG is catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) or phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). Although sunflower (\n                      <jats:italic>Helianthus annuus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is one of the world\u00b4s leading oilseed crops, the contributions of individual DGAT isoforms to seed TAG biosynthesis remain poorly characterized.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified six\n                      <jats:italic>DGAT<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes in sunflower \u2014three\n                      <jats:italic>DGAT1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , two\n                      <jats:italic>DGAT2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and one\n                      <jats:italic>DGAT3<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2014and examined their genomic organization, phylogenetic relationships, predicted structural features, expression profiles, subcellular localization,\n                      <jats:italic>in planta<\/jats:italic>\n                      functional behaviour and TAG profiles in the TAG deficient yeast strain H1246.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gene expression analysis revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>HaDGAT2A<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>HaDGAT2D<\/jats:italic>\n                      transcripts predominated in developing seeds during the main oil accumulation phase, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>HaDGAT1A<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>HaDGAT1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed lower but detectable expression. Confocal microscopy confirmed the endoplasmic reticulum localization of representative\n                      <jats:italic>Ha<\/jats:italic>\n                      DGAT1A and\n                      <jats:italic>Ha<\/jats:italic>\n                      DGAT2A isoforms, consistent with their potential involvement in ER-associated TAG assembly. Transient expression in\n                      <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaves revealed functional differences between sunflower DGAT isoforms,\n                      <jats:italic>Ha<\/jats:italic>\n                      DGAT1 isoforms were associated with TAG profiles enriched in less unsaturated molecular species, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>Ha<\/jats:italic>\n                      DGAT2 isoforms, particularly HaDGAT2D, were associated with increased TAG accumulation and a greater representation of polyunsaturated TAG species under the heterologous conditions tested. Functional complementation in yeast further showed that the analyzed sunflower DGAT isoforms restored TAG synthesis in the H1246 mutant and produced distinct TAG molecular profiles, supporting functional diversification among DGAT1 and DGAT2 isoforms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results indicate that sunflower DGAT1 and DGAT2 paralogs contribute differently to TAG accumulation and composition in heterologous systems and identify\n                      <jats:italic>Ha<\/jats:italic>\n                      DGAT2A and\n                      <jats:italic>Ha<\/jats:italic>\n                      DGAT2D as relevant candidate isoforms for future studies on sunflower seed oil biosynthesis. Direct biochemical assays will be required to confirm the intrinsic substrate specificity of each isoform.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1888144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:24:47Z","timestamp":1785306287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional diversity of sunflower DGAT1 and DGAT2 enzymes underlying seed triacylglycerol biosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Villoslada-Valbuena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide","place":["Seville, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Diego","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide","place":["Seville, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Ram\u00f3n","family":"Maroto-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide","place":["Seville, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Mart\u00edns Noguerol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide","place":["Seville, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smita","family":"Kurup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research","place":["Harpenden, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Force","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide","place":["Seville, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn J.","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide","place":["Seville, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Venegas-Caler\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide","place":["Seville, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.5c00143","article-title":"Mutations in the substrate-binding pocket of diacylglycerol acyltransferase alter the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerides in yeast","volume":"14","author":"Abdul Muthaliff","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Synth. 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