{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:27:32Z","timestamp":1787120852066,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Amentotaxus formosana (Taxaceae) is an endangered relict conifer for which stem-cutting propagation is essential for\n                    <jats:italic>ex situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    conservation. Seed-based regeneration is unreliable in its small, fragmented, dioecious populations. However, extreme and uncharacterized cutting mortality has severely bottlenecked these efforts. Because conventional static endpoint evaluations mask the critical temporal dynamics of rhizogenesis and failure, the underlying drivers of this attrition remain obscure. Here, we applied Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards modelling to a two-stage factorial experiment involving 641 cuttings to identify factors associated with cutting mortality over time. Stage 1 revealed that substrate composition significantly influenced survival, with pure shredded shale approximately doubling the mortality hazard relative to peat-perlite. Among plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) significantly reduced mortality risk relative to the ABT-1 composite treatment. Stage 2 identified specific maternal-DBH- and genotype-dependent treatment responses within an analytical subset of five adequately sampled genotypes. The association between maternal DBH and mortality hazard was treatment-dependent, with a significant maternal DBH \u00d7 IBA interaction. In analyses including all 12 genotypes, stratified log-rank tests detected significant among-genotype survival differences under IBA and NAA, but not under the untreated control. Within the five-genotype Cox model, DG-15\u201312 showed a significant genotype \u00d7 NAA interaction. This study represents the first application of time-to-event survival analysis in\n                    <jats:italic>Amentotaxus<\/jats:italic>\n                    propagation. We demonstrate that cutting mortality is partially associated with interactions involving substrate type, auxin treatment, maternal DBH, and genotype. However, the magnitude and statistical detectability of these interactions varied across factor combinations. These findings provide a quantitative framework for genotype-resolved, risk-informed conservation propagation of recalcitrant relict species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1892264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:46:24Z","timestamp":1787118384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal ontogeny modulates auxin-associated cutting mortality in Amentotaxus formosana, with genotype-specific responses revealed by Cox proportional hazards modelling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ya-Zhu","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Kaohsiung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huie-Chuan","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Meiho University","place":["Pingtung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Shin","family":"Shiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory Section, Offices of Health Science Research, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsai-Wen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiwan Biodiversity Research Institute","place":["Nantou, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chung","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Kaohsiung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Environment Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University","place":["Kaohsiung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-826","article-title":"Gene expression profiling in juvenile and mature cuttings of Eucalyptus grandis reveals the importance of microtubule remodeling during adventitious root formation","volume":"15","author":"Abu-Abied","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpb.2024.100385","article-title":"Auxin signaling, transport, and regulation during adventitious root formation","volume":"40","author":"Adem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"579","article-title":"Conservaci\u00f3n y caracterizaci\u00f3n de poblaciones de Taxus baccata L. en la Comunidad de Madrid. Primeros resultados sobre su capacidad de enraizamiento","volume-title":"Actas Del III Congreso Forestal Espa\u00f1ol","author":"Alegre","year":"2001"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2016.714174","article-title":"Proteomic analysis through adventitious rooting of Pinus radiata stem cuttings with different rooting capabilities","volume":"7","author":"\u00c1lvarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828","volume-title":"Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion","author":"Angrist","year":"2009"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01734","article-title":"Events associated with early age-related decline in adventitious rooting competence of Eucalyptus globulus Labill","volume":"8","author":"Aumond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Research on the Reproduction and Gene Conservation of Amentotaxus Formosana","author":"Chan","year":"2005"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1192371","article-title":"Metabolic profiling reveals key metabolites regulating adventitious root formation in ancient Platycladus orientalis cuttings","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T31265A150291820.en","article-title":"Application of rooting powder of ABT No.1 in Amentotaxus argotaenia cutting rooting experiment","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fujian For. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T31265A150291820.en","article-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","author":"Chiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Amentotaxus formosana"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.7075\/TJFS.201909_34(3).0002","article-title":"Propagation and growth of Amentotaxus formosana by stem cutting, air-layering, and seeds","volume":"34","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. For. Sci."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Costa\n              J. M. R. C.\n            \n          \n          Wageningen\n          Wageningen University\n          The role of the leaf in growth dynamics and rooting of leafy stem cuttings of rose\n          \n          2002"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"8","article-title":"Effect of wounding and plant growth regulators (IBA and NAA) on root proliferation of Taxus wallichiana shoot cuttings","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Agric. For. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.12944\/CARJ.6.1.12","article-title":"Effect of different rooting media on root proliferation of Taxus baccata L. stem cuttings","volume":"6","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Agric. Res. J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.21746\/aps.2018.7.2.18","article-title":"Optimization of conditions for vegetative propagation of Taxus baccata by shoot cuttings: effects of IBA, growth stage and seasonal differences","volume":"7","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01317","article-title":"lifelines: survival analysis in Python","volume":"4","author":"Davidson-Pilon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source Software"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5958\/2455-7129.2017.00033.4","article-title":"Clonal variation in rooting eucalypt cuttings with different levels of IBA concentrations","volume":"36","author":"Dhiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tree Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2006.11512065","article-title":"Differentiation of the dynamic variables affecting rooting ability in juvenile and mature cuttings of cherry (Prunus avium)","volume":"81","author":"Dick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00907","article-title":"Overcoming physiological bottlenecks of leaf vitality and root development in cuttings: a systemic perspective","volume":"11","author":"Druege","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-023-09962-0","article-title":"Rooting of forest species mini-cuttings: an application of non-parametric survival analysis","volume":"54","author":"Duarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"New For."},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"The Red List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan","year":"2017"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.5902\/1980509820584","article-title":"Efeito dos \u00e1cidos indolbut\u00edrico e naftalenoac\u00e9tico no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud","volume":"25","author":"Faganello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cienc. Florest."},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"Investigation and Monitoring of Formosan Amentotaxus in the Chachayalaishan Major Wildlife Habitat: Final Report","year":"2009"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-005-0235-1","article-title":"Low genetic diversity and significant population structuring in the relict Amentotaxus argotaenia complex (Taxaceae) based on ISSR fingerprinting","volume":"118","author":"Ge","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Plant Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.36808\/if\/2001\/v127i3\/2788","article-title":"Variation in rooting response of different clones of Casuarina equisetifolia","volume":"127","author":"Gera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian For."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.6542\/EFNTU.201212_26(4).0004","article-title":"Health investigation of Amentotaxus formosana Li at Dawu Working Circle","volume":"26","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. For. Natl. Taiwan. Univ."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1512914","article-title":"Assessment of genetic conservation units of an endangered glacial relict insular species, Amentotaxus formosana, based on fine-scale genetic structures of multiple fragmented mountainous populations in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Ko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. 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Biotechnol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2307\/2529588","article-title":"Regression analysis of grouped survival data with application to breast cancer data","volume":"34","author":"Prentice","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1996.0105","article-title":"Vegetative propagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. using softwood and hardwood stem cuttings","volume":"34","author":"Puri","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru499","article-title":"Adventitious rooting declines with the vegetative to reproductive switch and involves a changed auxin homeostasis","volume":"66","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. 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