{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:50:38Z","timestamp":1790142638410,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014189","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00401662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00401662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003693","name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Closed-loop aeroponics exposes suspended roots to repeated pulses of nutrient solution and humid air, so nozzle and misting settings shape the root-zone water, nutrient, and gas environment. We evaluated how root-zone droplet delivery and stage-specific ion management affected growth and nutrient solution-use efficiency of\n                    <jats:italic>Centella asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a natural-light greenhouse. Six nozzle classes were characterized by laser diffraction, and three misting schedules were screened using shoot dry-mass production efficiency. A separate bed-level experiment compared fresh and dry biomass under four operationally feasible nozzles, while a nutrient-management experiment compared fixed Hoagland, EC-adjusted Hoagland, and a stage-specific formulation using shoot and root biomass, leaf and runner number, SPAD, canopy cover, and solution-use efficiency. The plantable bed area was 63.9 m\u00b2 within a 165 m\u00b2 greenhouse, at a density of approximately 16\u201325 plants m\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b2. VF and F treatments achieved the highest dry-mass production efficiency, and the 5\u00a0min \u00d7 288 events day\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b9 schedule performed best across nozzle classes. At 53 days after transplanting (DAT), VF produced the greatest fresh and dry biomass per bed area within the tested C\u2013M\u2013F\u2013VF range. The stage-specific formulation produced greater shoot and root biomass, canopy cover, and solution-use efficiency than either Hoagland treatment. Reservoir corrections were greatest for nitrate during leaf expansion, potassium during biomass accumulation, and Ca, Fe, and B during late maturation. Taken together, the complementary experiments associated root-zone delivery and stage-specific nutrient supply with coordinated whole-plant growth and resource-use responses. Because root-surface wetness, oxygen availability, root respiration, and tissue ion accumulation were not measured directly, nozzle effects should be interpreted as integrated root-zone treatment effects rather than effects of droplet diameter alone. Multi-season factorial experiments with direct physiological measurements are needed to confirm the underlying mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1892738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:41:08Z","timestamp":1784785268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fine droplet misting and stage-specific nutrient formulation enhance bed-area biomass productivity and nutrient solution use efficiency in closed-loop aeroponic Centella asiatica"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ju Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Smart Farm Convergence Research Center","place":["Gangneung, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Do","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Smart Farm Convergence Research Center","place":["Gangneung, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai-Eok","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Smart Farm Convergence Research Center","place":["Gangneung, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00562","article-title":"Maximum plant uptakes for water, nutrients, and oxygen are not always met by irrigation rate and distribution in water-based cultivation systems","volume":"8","author":"Blok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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