{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:30:20Z","timestamp":1787725820260,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Magnoliae Flos (MF)<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the dried flower buds of\n                      <jats:italic>Magnolia denudata<\/jats:italic>\n                      Desr.,\n                      <jats:italic>Magnolia biondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      Pamp., and\n                      <jats:italic>Magnolia sprengeri<\/jats:italic>\n                      Pamp., is a crucial East Asian medicinal herb used to treat allergic rhinitis and other ailments. However, the molecular basis for its quality differences remains unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study integrates GC-MS-based volatile metabolomics, high-throughput RNA sequencing, and RT-qPCR validation to elucidate the terpenoid metabolic differences and their regulatory mechanisms among the three\n                      <jats:italic>MF<\/jats:italic>\n                      varieties.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The metabolomic analysis screened 55 differential terpenoids (15 key markers) that distinguish the\n                      <jats:italic>MF<\/jats:italic>\n                      varieties, with terpenoids being the primary metabolic category and the\n                      <jats:italic>M. sprengeri<\/jats:italic>\n                      vs.\n                      <jats:italic>M. biondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      group exhibiting the most differential metabolites. The transcriptomic analysis revealed\n                      <jats:italic>TPS26<\/jats:italic>\n                      as key candidate genes involved in monoterpene synthesis, while IMPMBI2G0000034954 and IMPMBI2G0000034957 were identified as candidate genes for sesquiterpene synthesis. The expression abundances of these genes exhibited significant linear correlations with the accumulation levels of differential terpenoids, though such coordinated variation does not confirm direct causal regulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Collectively, this work reveals the molecular basis of terpenoid diversity in\n                      <jats:italic>MF<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and provides theoretical references for germplasm discrimination, quality evaluation and genetic improvement of medicinal magnolia resources.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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