{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:11:35Z","timestamp":1789650695456,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses from fertilized agricultural soils remain one of the dominant drivers of groundwater nitrate contamination and nitrous oxide (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) emissions, yet mitigation strategies are largely designed around input optimization rather than control of in-soil nitrogen transformations. Drip fertigation and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have independently shown potential to improve nitrogen efficiency, however their integrated effects remain fragmented across irrigation and inhibitor-focused literature. Consequently, an integrated mechanistic framework explaining how drip irrigation-induced microenvironments regulate NI performance and nitrogen transformation is lacking. Here, we argue that the integration of drip fertigation with NIs, hereafter referred to as drip-NIs integration, is best understood as rhizosphere process control rather than input management: drip defines a bounded reaction-transport domain, and NIs slow down the conversion of ammonium (NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) to nitrate (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). This review aims to synthesize evidence across NI types, crops, and drip configurations to examine how localized wetting patterns govern ammonium-nitrate partitioning, microbial processes, and inhibitor fate within the root zone. The available evidence suggests that NI performance may depend on spatial and temporal overlap among oxygen recovery, NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    availability, and active ammonia oxidizers within the wetted bulb, however direct spatial validation remains limited. Based on these insights, we propose the Designer Rhizosphere Model (DRM) as a conceptual, hypothesis-generating framework linking controllable design variables (emitter placement, irrigation waveform, fertigation chemistry, NI formulation) with the measurable state variables (oxygen availability, NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    fields, inhibitor exposure), microbial process rates, and yield-scaled environmental outcomes. The DRM requires validation through spatially field experiments before practical application. The resulting framework suggests that drip-NIs integration may reduce nitrate leaching and greenhouse gas emissions while sustaining productivity, but outcomes are context-dependent and may be constrained by salinity accumulation, acidification, oxygen limitation, ammonium toxicity, and off-target effects. Future research should prioritize spatially resolved measurements, sensor-guided fertigation, drip-compatible inhibitor formulations, and process-based decision support models. Collectively, this review reframes nitrogen management from simple fertilizer placement to rhizosphere process control for improving agricultural sustainability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1894587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:49:32Z","timestamp":1789649372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating drip fertigation and nitrification inhibitors for rhizosphere-scale control of nitrogen transformations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheheryar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Ghafoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Environmental Studies Center, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2014.03.036","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency","volume":"189","author":"Abalos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. 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