{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:25:06Z","timestamp":1787034306387,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Global warming has intensified heat and drought stress in semi-arid orchard systems, posing major challenges to sustainable apple production. Although micro-spray misting can simultaneously regulate canopy cooling and humidification, orchard responses to different spatiotemporal misting configurations remain insufficiently understood. In this two-year field study, we evaluated the effects of three misting heights (upper, middle, and lower canopy) and four misting durations (0.5\u20132.0 h) on orchard microclimate, physiological activity, fruit production, and water-use performance in semi-arid apple (\n                    <jats:italic>Malus domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                    Borkh.) orchards. Moderate misting applied within the middle canopy for 1.5\u00a0h (H2T2) most effectively improved the orchard microenvironment, reducing average canopy temperature by 4.3\u00a0\u00b0C and increasing relative humidity by 5.7%. This treatment enhanced photosynthetic performance and water-use efficiency at both leaf and orchard scales and resulted in the highest fruit yield and best overall fruit quality. Comprehensive multi-criteria evaluation further placed the 1.0\u00a0h middle-canopy treatment (H2T3) in the same top-performance tier as H2T2. Moving beyond discrete treatment-level comparisons, response surface analysis identified a continuous range of near-optimal parameter combinations within the tested parameter space. Specifically, a duration of 0.70\u20131.46 h and a misting height of 74\u2013113 cm maintained \u226595% of the maximum predicted response, revealing a stable and feasible operational range rather than a single optimum under field conditions. These findings demonstrate that orchard responses to micro-spray misting are governed by both misting height and operating duration, and that moderate middle-canopy misting with intermediate operating duration provides a practical management strategy for optimizing canopy microenvironments and water-use efficiency under heat and drought stress in semi-arid apple production systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1895726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:36:08Z","timestamp":1787031368000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal optimization of micro-spray misting for orchard microclimate regulation and water-use efficiency in semi-arid apple orchards"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hanmi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiankun","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinguang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youzhen","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semi-arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linshuang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-23707-2.00006-4","article-title":"Orchards management under changing climate","volume-title":"Challenges and Solutions of Climate Impact on Agriculture","author":"Abasi","year":"2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.109148","article-title":"Impact of irrigation scheduling on yield and water use efficiency of apples, peaches, and sweet cherries: A global meta-analysis","volume":"306","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. 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