{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:51:58Z","timestamp":1791525118266,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1198373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1198373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genotype \u00d7 environment interaction (G\u00d7E) complicates the identification of high-yielding and stable cowpea genotypes across variable production environments. This study evaluated 20 advanced cowpea breeding lines for grain yield, stability, and multi-trait performance across five location-year environments in Ghana during the 2024 and 2025 cropping seasons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trials were conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Both seasons were drought-prone, although moisture stress varied among location-year environments because of erratic rainfall distribution. Grain yield was analysed using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype \u00d7 environment (GGE) biplot analyses, while grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, hundred-seed weight, and days to 95% pod maturity were integrated using the Multi-Trait Stability Index (MTSI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis of variance revealed significant (p &amp;lt; 0.001) effects of environment, genotype, and G\u00d7E. The first two interaction principal components explained 92.15% of G\u00d7E variation, with Wa_2025 showing the largest IPCA1 score. Tuzievallenga had the highest mean grain yield (1149\u00a0kg ha\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), whereas IT17K-2030\u20132 had the lowest AMMI Stability Value (ASV\u00a0=\u00a0114.54). Five genotypes combined high yield with relative stability: Tuzievallenga, IT17K-2030-2, IT17K-1095-2-2, IT17K-849-2-1, and IT17K-1802-1. MTSI values ranged from 2.035 to 5.518, with IT17K-1095-2-2, IT17K-849-2-1, IT17K-1403-1-1, IT17K-2024-4, and Tuzievallenga having the lowest values. IT17K-1095-2-2, IT17K-849-2-1, and Tuzievallenga were common to the top five selections from both approaches. GGE identified one common sector comprising Damongo_2024, Manga_2025, and Nyankpala_2024, with Tuzievallenga as the winning genotype, while Wa_2025 and Nyankpala_2025 formed distinct sectors associated with SARI-tuya and IT17K-1266-2-1, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion\/Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings demonstrate substantial G\u00d7E differentiation and identify promising genotypes for farmer-managed on-farm evaluation and complementary use in cowpea breeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1897494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:33:15Z","timestamp":1791523995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated AMMI, GGE Biplot, and MTSI analyses reveal yield stability and adaptation patterns in cowpea in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Theophilus Kwabla","family":"Tengey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Attamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Quandahor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ophelia Asirifi","family":"Amoako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Seidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Memunatu","family":"Issahaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashid","family":"Seidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew Bapaak","family":"Laar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Nayindow","family":"Kpasah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiah Darko","family":"Osei-Wusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cowpea Improvement Programme, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)","place":["Nyankpala, Northern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s44279-026-00665-6","article-title":"Assessment of variability in dual purpose large seeded cowpea using multivariate trait analysis","volume":"4","author":"Abdou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. 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