{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T17:34:21Z","timestamp":1786556061567,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008862","name":"China National Tobacco Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110202401013(LS-03)110202401013(LS-03) 110202401013(LS-03), 110202201019(LS-03)110202201019(LS-03) 110202201019(LS-03)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110202401013(LS-03)110202401013(LS-03) 110202401013(LS-03), 110202201019(LS-03)110202201019(LS-03) 110202201019(LS-03)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016332","name":"Hubei Tobacco Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["027Y2022-023027Y2022-023 027Y2022-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["027Y2022-023027Y2022-023 027Y2022-023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCZRYB202500821JCZRYB202500821 JCZRYB202500821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCZRYB202500821JCZRYB202500821 JCZRYB202500821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tobacco root rot (TRR), caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , poses a significant threat to tobacco production. Synthetic fungicides widely used to control this soil-borne pathogen frequently cause fungicide resistance and environmental contamination. Limonene, a natural terpene with potent antifungal activity, features low residue and high biosafety, rendering it a promising natural substitute for chemical fungicides against TRR. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity and mechanisms of limonene against\n                    <jats:italic>F. oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    using\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays, physiological tests, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. The results demonstrated that limonene significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore proliferation, with an EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 201.2 \u03bcg\/mL (1.48 mM). It exhibited a dose-dependent repellent effect on the chemotactic behavior of\n                    <jats:italic>F. oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with effective concentrations as low as 25 \u03bcg\/mL (0.18 mM). Furthermore, it disrupted cell membrane integrity and permeability at concentrations as low as 100 \u03bcg\/mL (0.73 mM). Transcriptomic screening identified 3,871 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were significantly enriched in ribosome, proteasome, ER protein processing, autophagy and glyoxylate metabolism pathways. Eight representative key DEGs (\n                    <jats:italic>cat1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>rhogap<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>tf<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>cyc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bro1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>mic12<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>rpl13<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>clptm1l<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) related to fungal growth and stress response were verified by RT-qPCR verification, and their expression trends were consistent with the transcriptomic results. Metabolomic analysis revealed 626 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs), three key metabolites (ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-Methylphenol and Lenticin) were significantly altered under limonene treatment. These DAMs were mainly enriched in starch and sucrose, riboflavin, folate and tyrosine metabolism pathways. Multi-omics joint analysis indicated that key targeted pathways including energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and protein synthesis and degradation were regulated. In conclusion, limonene inhibits\n                    <jats:italic>F. oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    through multiple mechanisms, including cell membrane damage, chemotaxis blockage, transcriptional regulation, and metabolic disturbance. This study provides scientific support for the development of limonene as a green botanical fungicide for controlling tobacco root rot.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1897693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T16:41:28Z","timestamp":1786552888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The antifungal activity and mechanism of action of limonene against tobacco-isolated Fusarium oxysporum causing tobacco root rot"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Kidney Diseases, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapy Drugs for Renal Tumors, School of Medicine, Hubei Polytechnic University","place":["Huangshi, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Tobacco Research Institute, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Quality Regulation for Special Economic Crops","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Tobacco Research Institute, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Quality Regulation for Special Economic Crops","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1675063","article-title":"Chemical composition and potentiation of insecticidal and fungicidal activities of Citrus trifoliata L. fruits essential oil against Spodoptera littoralis, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani via nano-cubosomes","volume":"35","author":"Abdel-Kawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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