{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:47:17Z","timestamp":1785822437807,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proper analysis of phenotypic data is essential for reliable genomic prediction (GP) and sustained genetic gain in breeding programs. In this study, we used phenotypic and genotypic data generated from the winter wheat breeding program of Deutsche Saatveredelung AG (DSV), Lippstadt, Germany, comprising 1,941 genotypes and 6,335 SNP markers across three traits: grain yield, plant height, and heading date. We evaluated the impact of different two-stage analysis strategies: one using the environment (year \u00d7 location combination) as the analysis unit (TS-S1) and the other using the breeding stage as the analysis unit (TS-S2), each with and without accounting for breeding-stage effects (-YesBS and -NoBS), on the computation of best linear unbiased estimates (BLUEs) and genome-wide prediction ability (PA), defined as the correlation between BLUEs and predicted values. The performance of these 4 different second stage models (TS-S1-NoBS, TS-S1-YesBS, TS-S2-NoBS, and TS-S2-YesBS) were evaluated using the extended genomic best linear prediction (EGBLUP) model under 5-fold cross validation (5-fold CV), leave one year out cross validation (LOY-CV) and leave one breeding stage out cross validation (LOBS-CV) scenarios. In the presence of the strong breeding stage effect ignoring the breeding stage in the model resulted in biased BLUEs and overestimated prediction abilities in the 5-fold CV, and underestimated prediction abilities in the LOY-CV and LOBS-CV. These unstable prediction abilities are driven by confounded environmental effects in the BLUEs due to omission of the breeding-stage effect. In contrast, models that accounted for the breeding stage produced more reliable BLUEs and more stable prediction results across all cross-validation scenarios, with TS-S1-YesBS performing best overall. Overall, our findings demonstrate that breeding stage effects mainly arise from differences in growing conditions and must be adequately considered. Therefore, including breeding stage in phenotypic models is critical to obtaining unbiased BLUEs and ensuring accurate genomic prediction and selection decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1898203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:36:43Z","timestamp":1785821803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing phenotypic data analysis strategies to enhance genomic prediction in winter wheat breeding"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ravindra Reddy","family":"Gundala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research","place":["Seeland, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research","place":["Seeland, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jost","family":"Doernte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsche Saatveredelung AG","place":["Lippstadt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsche Saatveredelung AG","place":["Lippstadt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research","place":["Seeland, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen Christoph","family":"Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research","place":["Seeland, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oor.2024.100662","article-title":"How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral. 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