{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:50:52Z","timestamp":1793044252168,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nitrogen (N) management in maize systems is constrained by low fertilizer use efficiency and substantial environmental losses, particularly in arid irrigated regions where soil N heterogeneity disrupts plant uptake and allocation. Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) offer a promising approach to coordinate soil N supply with crop N demand and regulate internal N cycling during yield.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To elucidate the mechanisms by which CRF enhances N utilization and coordinates N allocation, field experiments were conducted in western Inner Mongolia, China from 2022\u00a0to 2024. This study to evaluate their impact on N accumulation (NA), tissue-specific N partitioning and N remobilization, leaf N remobilization efficiency (NRE\n                      <jats:sub>leaf<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), stem N remobilization efficiency (NRE\n                      <jats:sub>stem<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), supply-demand synchrony index (SDI), supply\u2013plant N requirement synchronization (SPNR), soil nitrate dynamics, and maize yield throughout the growing season.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed CRF markedly enhanced N remobilization, with NRE\n                      <jats:sub>leaf<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NRE\n                      <jats:sub>stem<\/jats:sub>\n                      increasing by 12.3% and 24.8%. Notably, CRFs also improved overall N supply-demand synchronization: average SDI values for CF3 and CF2 were 0.77 and 0.86, compared with 0.61 for regular fertilizer (RF), representing a 26-41% increase. Building on this, structural equation modeling revealed that the mechanism regulating yield shifted from N supply intensity under RF (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.74) to synchronization-driven control under CRF (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.79), in which SPNR coordinated N allocation and remobilization (&amp;gt;0.8 contribution) to determine grain NA and final yield.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that optimizing N supply-demand synchronization, rather than increasing N inputs, fundamentally reshapes maize yield formation by coordinating internal N cycling. CRFs, particularly at moderate N rates, offer a pathway for improving N use efficiency while reducing environmental risk, providing actionable insights for sustainable maize production in N-limited, arid irrigated systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1901117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:58:00Z","timestamp":1787749080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Controlled-release fertilization reshapes maize yield through plant-soil synchrony: shifting from nitrogen supply intensity to synchronization-driven vegetative remobilization"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Huhhot, China"]},{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Huhhot, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology and Efficient Use of Water Resources of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"De Feudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Huhhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Desert Control Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Huhhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Huhhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Huhhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Huhhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Falsone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Di Bonito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]},{"name":"School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University","place":["Southwell, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1634174","article-title":"One-time double-layer placement of controlled-release urea enhances wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency and mitigates N2O emissions","volume":"16","author":"Akhtar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. 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