{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:12:56Z","timestamp":1785510776716,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pitahaya (\n                      <jats:italic>Hylocereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.) is an emerging fruit crop, yet the physiological mechanisms by which bioinputs enhance reproductive efficiency and yield remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of rice husk biochar combined with\n                      <jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                      viride on reproductive development and fruit production in two pitahaya genotypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A field experiment was conducted in Ja\u00e9n, Peru, using a randomized complete block design with four treatments (control, biochar,\n                      <jats:italic>T. viride<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and biochar +\n                      <jats:italic>T. viride<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Reproductive traits and fruit yield were monitored over two production cycles and analyzed using generalized linear models and path analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The combined biochar +\n                      <jats:italic>T. viride<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment enhanced reproductive performance in a genotype-dependent manner. In\n                      <jats:italic>H. costaricensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , it significantly increased flower production and fruit yield, while path analysis identified flowering as the key mediator of yield and revealed a reproductive carrying-capacity threshold of approximately 17 flowers. In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic>H. undatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      cv. Vietnam White showed only marginal responses to bioinput application.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of biochar and\n                      <jats:italic>T. viride<\/jats:italic>\n                      depends on genotype-specific reproductive strategies. The combined bioinput treatment substantially improved reproductive efficiency and yield in\n                      <jats:italic>H. costaricensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas the limited response of\n                      <jats:italic>H. undatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      suggests lower phenotypic plasticity and distinct patterns of resource allocation. By integrating longitudinal field evaluations with path analysis, this study provides a physiological framework for precision bioinput management based on reproductive carrying capacity and genotype-specific crop responses, offering new insights for sustainable pitahaya production.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1901632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:48:07Z","timestamp":1785509287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Path analysis of the efficiency in the bud-flower-fruit transition of pitahaya: the biochar-Trichoderma viride combination improves yield in Hylocereus costaricensis and H. undatus cv. Vietnam White"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Campos-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Servicios Estrat\u00e9gicos Agrarios, Centro Experimental Yanayacu, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA)","place":["Cajamarca, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Aldava-Pardave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Servicios Estrat\u00e9gicos Agrarios, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agraria Pucallpa, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA)","place":["Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Servicios Estrat\u00e9gicos Agrarios, Centro Experimental Yanayacu, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA)","place":["Cajamarca, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilton","family":"Hermoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Servicios Estrat\u00e9gicos Agrarios, Centro Experimental La Molina, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA)","place":["Lima, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azucena","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Collantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Servicios Estrat\u00e9gicos Agrarios, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agraria Ba\u00f1os del Inca, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA)","place":["Cajamarca, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cledy","family":"Ureta-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Servicios Estrat\u00e9gicos Agrarios, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agraria Ba\u00f1os del Inca, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA)","place":["Cajamarca, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Sol\u00f3rzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Servicios Estrat\u00e9gicos Agrarios, Centro Experimental La Molina, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA)","place":["Lima, Peru"]},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur (UCSUR)","place":["Lima, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4238(82)90115-7","article-title":"The influence of flowering intensity on the shedding of reproductive structures in sweet orange","volume":"17","author":"Agust\u00ed","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sci. 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