{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:10:17Z","timestamp":1789740617597,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>Golden2-like 1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>GLK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene regulates photosynthesis and is associated with drought tolerance and cold tolerance. However, no report has determined the role of\n                    <jats:italic>GLK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    in alkali tolerance. In this study, we found that\n                    <jats:italic>MsGLK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    responds to alkali and salt\u2013alkali mixed stresses in alfalfa (\n                    <jats:italic>Medicago sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and carried out detailed functional analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>GLK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the model plants\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Medicago truncatula<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the\n                    <jats:italic>atglk1\/2<\/jats:italic>\n                    double mutant exhibited reduced tolerance to these two stress treatments compared to the wild type. Conversely, overexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>MsGLK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    displayed enhanced tolerance under the same treatments. To further study the mechanism underlying response to these stresses, we employed the\n                    <jats:italic>mtglk1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant in\n                    <jats:italic>M. truncatula<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a close relative of alfalfa. The\n                    <jats:italic>mtglk1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant suffered severe damage when subjected to the two stresses. Consistent with phenotypic and physiological analyses, 1092 and 999 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under alkali and salt\u2013alkali mixed stress, respectively. Our results showed that\n                    <jats:italic>GLK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    plays an important role in regulating tolerance to alkali and salt\u2013alkali mixed stress. A yeast one-hybrid assay revealed that MtGLK1 directly binds to the promoter of the\n                    <jats:italic>MtMYB<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>HB<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>like<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1901920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:54:50Z","timestamp":1789739690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GLK1 plays a positive role in regulating plant tolerance to alkali stress and salt-alkali mixed stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qinyan","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation of Saline-alkaline Tolerant Grasses and Trees, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation of Saline-alkaline Tolerant Grasses and Trees, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University","place":["Qingdao, China"]},{"name":"School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaozhu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation of Saline-alkaline Tolerant Grasses and Trees, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation of Saline-alkaline Tolerant Grasses and Trees, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangqi","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University","place":["Ardmore, OK, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirankumar S.","family":"Mysore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University","place":["Ardmore, OK, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation of Saline-alkaline Tolerant Grasses and Trees, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeng-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation of Saline-alkaline Tolerant Grasses and Trees, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3390\/grasses3040026","article-title":"Impact of salt and alkali stress on forage biomass yield, nutritive value, and animal growth performance: a comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Abebe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Grasses"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.18.01466","article-title":"GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors regulate WRKY40 expression in response to abscisic acid","volume":"179","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3390\/d14030228","article-title":"Comprehensive genomic analysis of G2-like transcription factor genes and their role in development and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis","volume":"14","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2013.06.026","article-title":"Characterization of physiological responses of two alfalfa half-sib families with improved salt tolerance","volume":"71","author":"Anower","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. 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