{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:13:26Z","timestamp":1788416006713,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013318","name":"Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202302140601010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302140601010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013805","name":"Shanxi Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013438","name":"Department of Human Resources and Social Security of Shanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011798","name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011798","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To evaluate the comprehensive effects of different vermicompost incorporation ratios on the growth performance, nutrient accumulation, and photosynthetic efficiency of apple seedlings (G935, Geneva 935), plants were treated with varying proportions of vermicompost (0%, 50%, 80%, and 100%). Results indicated that increasing vermicompost proportions significantly optimized growing substrate physicochemical properties. Specifically, growing substrate pH decreased from a baseline of 8.02 to 7.78 under 100% vermicompost treatment, a modest reduction that crucially improves micronutrient solubility (especially Fe and Zn) in alkaline conditions, while electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, and total nutrients were substantially elevated from their respective control levels. Additionally, vermicompost robustly promoted apple seedling growth and significantly enhanced light energy capture efficiency by increasing the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F\n                    <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/F\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), actual photochemical quantum yield [Y(II)], electron transport rate (ETR), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The 100% vermicompost treatment maximized these benefits, driving total chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen concentrations from 4.25 mg g\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 7.71 mg g\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the control to 9.37 mg g\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 12.34 mg g\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively. Mechanistically, this enhanced light utilization was driven by the significant accumulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis precursors\u2014including 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), magnesium protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX), and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide)\u2014relative to their control baselines (e.g., ALA increased from 15.98 ng\u00b7g\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    FW to 22.47 ng\u00b7g\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    FW). In conclusion, vermicompost improves growing substrate properties, enhances nutrient supply, and specifically stimulates the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, thereby increasing light energy utilization efficiency and providing solid theoretical support for its application in fruit tree nursery production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1904356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:22:24Z","timestamp":1788412944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vermicompost promotes apple seedling growth by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and driving chlorophyll biosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoshuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10341-025-01731-x","article-title":"The effects of vermicompost on soil and plant health, biostimulant activities, nutrients, water use efficiencies, and disease suppressions in horticultural crops-review","volume":"68","author":"Abiz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Fruit Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065274","article-title":"Function of ALA content in porphyrin metabolism regulation of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus","volume":"24","author":"Adjei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2024.100360","article-title":"Vermicompost application upregulates morpho-physiological and antioxidant defense to conferring drought tolerance in wheat","volume":"11","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.08.049","article-title":"Towards improving the agronomic performance, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments in fenugreek using zeolite and vermicompost under deficit water stres","volume":"109","author":"Baghbani-Arani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1514675","article-title":"Effects of cattle manure and sludge vermicompost on nutrient dynamics and yield in strawberry cultivation with distinct continuous cropping histories in a greenhouse","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence: a probe of photosynthesis in vivo","volume":"59","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s44187-025-00675-1","article-title":"Effect of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) vermicompost on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and yield in the vicinity of lake Tana, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Belay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Food."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-020-0629-z","article-title":"Nuclear-encoded synthesis of the D1 subunit of photosystem II increases photosynthetic efficiency and crop yield","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae12020192","article-title":"Does partial organic fertilization maintain physiological and biometric performance in apple trees","volume":"12","author":"Ferreira","year":"2026","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2015.06.016","article-title":"Morphology, photosynthesis, and internal structure alterations in field apple leaves under hidden and acute zinc deficiency","volume":"193","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2018.09.003","article-title":"Changes in photosynthetic pigments and uptake of some soil elements by chicory supplied with organic fertilizers","volume":"39","author":"Gholami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor4317-016","article-title":"Seedling quality and short-term field performance of three Amazonian forest species as affected by site conditions","volume":"17","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2024","journal-title":"iFor. Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/FP25308","article-title":"Photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics in reproductive structures of semi-arid rangeland perennial bunchgrasses","volume":"53","author":"Hamerlynck","year":"2026","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(86)80153-5","article-title":"Rapid simultaneous estimation of protoporphyrin and Mg-porphyrins in higher plants","volume":"125","author":"Hodgins","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-015-0162-x","article-title":"Effect of vermicompost fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress","volume":"54","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14112464","article-title":"Roles of exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid and dihydroporphyrin iron in chlorophyll precursor synthesis and chlorophyll-related enzyme activities in wheat under different light intensities","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2011.898.23","article-title":"Garden compost as a substrate for vegetable transplant production","volume":"898","author":"Jahromi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.32604\/phyton.2025.069246","article-title":"Recent advances and emerging trends in chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv\/Fm","volume":"94","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phyton"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis","author":"Kalra","year":"1997"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11122450","article-title":"Influence of substrate composition and container size on the growth of tissue culture propagated apple rootstock plants","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093395i","article-title":"Regulation of iron homeostasis and use in chloroplasts","volume":"21","author":"Kroh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2024.130593","article-title":"Insights into flowering mechanisms in apple (Malus \u00d7 domestica Borkh.) amidst climate change: An exploration of genetic and epigenetic factors","volume":"1868","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA - Gen. Subj."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2025.106880","article-title":"The stacking method enhances machine learning models for monitoring and understanding regional soil available nitrogen variations in croplands","volume":"256","author":"Lei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.710093","article-title":"Iron deficiency leads to chlorosis through impacting chlorophyll synthesis and nitrogen metabolism in Areca catechu L","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14030415","article-title":"Effects of organic substitution on the yield and quality of apples and residual nitrate-N leaching in soil","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2026.114658","article-title":"Exploring the potential of vermicompost in horticulture: a meta-analysis of seedling growth and sustainable cultivation","volume":"357","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00755","article-title":"Effects of exogenous dopamine on the uptake, transport, and resorption of apple ionome under moderate drought","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6849","article-title":"The use of vermicompost in organic farming: overview, effects on soil and economics","volume":"95","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11233214","article-title":"Improvement of photosynthesis by biochar and vermicompost to enhance tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield under greenhouse conditions","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113378","article-title":"Photosynthetic light-harvesting (antenna) complexes\u2014structures and functions","volume":"26","author":"Lokstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15040558","article-title":"Modulation of grapevine physiological performance by compost and vermicompost obtained from vine pruning residues","volume":"15","author":"Maia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14114411","article-title":"An evaluation of the biometric parameters and chemical composition of the florets, leaves, and stalks of broccoli plants grown in different soil types","volume":"14","author":"Majkowska-Gadomska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2024.113443","article-title":"Vermicompost: a potential organic fertilizer for sustainable vegetable cultivation","volume":"336","author":"Manzoor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.9734\/ijpss\/2023\/v35i92904","article-title":"Effect of phosphorous and vermicompost on growth characterstics and yield of chickpea (Cicer aretinum L.)","volume":"35","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Soil Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.22059\/jci.2024.367825.2864","article-title":"The Effect of Azotobacter and vermicompost application on growth and physiological characteristics of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) under Water Stress","volume":"26","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crop Improv."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.70021","article-title":"Soil pH: techniques, challenges and insights from a global dataset","volume":"75","author":"Mosley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081618","article-title":"Salt stress-induced modulation of porphyrin biosynthesis, photoprotection, and antioxidant properties in rice plants (Oryza sativa)","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.07.006","article-title":"The positive effects of exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid on the chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosystem and calvin cycle of Kentucky bluegrass seedlings in response to osmotic stress","volume":"155","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-026-08588-3","article-title":"Effects of water harvesting, irrigation and organic fertilization on nutrient availability, apple growth and orchard productivity on the Loess Plateau","volume":"522","author":"Pang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13147995","article-title":"Effect of magnesium on mineral nutrition, chlorophyll, proline and carbohydrate concentrations of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis cv. Newhall) plants","volume":"13","author":"Papadakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2025.105903","article-title":"Earthworm abundance increases aggregate stability: a field study in a Mediterranean agroforestry system","volume":"206","author":"Reis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10341-023-01001-8","article-title":"Influence of moringa seed cake and vermicompost on soil microbial activity, growth, and productivity of \u2018Anna\u2019 apple trees","volume":"66","author":"Rohim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Fruit Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11061253","article-title":"Preliminary application of vermicompost in rice production: effects of nursery raising with vermicompost on fragrant rice performances","volume":"11","author":"Ruan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2025.105446","article-title":"Restoring soil functionality in drylands: soil texture-specific impacts of vermicompost as an organic waste-based amendment","volume":"231","author":"Safadoust","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-024-05774-7","article-title":"Sustainable agriculture and soil enrichment through diverse organic vermicompost synthesized from different organic waste","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2026.113208","article-title":"Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and phosphorus-enriched biochar enhance growth, cannabinoid content, and essential oil yield in salt-stressed hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)","volume":"370","author":"Shekari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.18452\/28140","article-title":"Glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase is connected to GluTR by GluTR-binding protein and contributes to the rate-limiting step of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis","volume":"34","author":"Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-024-03698-w","article-title":"A novel eco-friendly approach of combining vermicompost and effective microorganisms sustains wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) drought tolerance by modulating photosynthetic performance and nutrient acquisition","volume":"46","author":"Talaat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.11.005","article-title":"Mineral nutrient signaling controls photosynthesis: focus on iron deficiency-induced chlorosis","volume":"27","author":"Therby-Vale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10040418","article-title":"Vermicompost rate effects on soil fertility and morpho-physio-biochemical traits of lettuce","volume":"10","author":"Toor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12098-0","article-title":"Enhancing tomato drought resilience with organic amendments and local landraces","volume":"15","author":"T\u00fczel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11121207","article-title":"Effects of chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer application on soil properties, citrus growth physiology, and yield","volume":"11","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(11)81192-2","article-title":"The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution","volume":"144","author":"Wellburn","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00635","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) alleviated salinity stress in cucumber seedlings by enhancing chlorophyll synthesis pathway","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-018-0463-8","article-title":"5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) biosynthetic and metabolic pathways and its role in higher plants: a review","volume":"87","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.01.001","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid improves salt tolerance mediated by regulation of tetrapyrrole and proline metabolism in Brassica napus L. seedlings under NaCl stress","volume":"124","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14122816","article-title":"Organic amendment enhances maize yield through improved photosynthesis, endogenous hormones, and defense enzymes","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8100389","article-title":"Magnesium-deficiency effects on pigments, photosynthesis and photosynthetic electron transport of leaves, and nutrients of leaf blades and veins in Citrus sinensis seedlings","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10341\u2011024\u201101184\u20118","article-title":"Effects of vermicompost extract on growth and development of 0900 ziraat sweet cherry cultivar (Prunus avium L.) sapling","volume":"19","author":"Y\u00fcca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adnan Menderes \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi Derg."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2022.103562","article-title":"Long-term changes in soil chemical properties with cropland-to-orchard conversion on the Loess Plateau, China: Regulatory factors and relations with apple yield","volume":"204","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14071398","article-title":"A comprehensive study on the impact of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic manure application on soil fertility and apple orchard productivity","volume":"14","author":"Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1904356\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:22:26Z","timestamp":1788412946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1904356\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1904356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1904356","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1904356"}}