{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T06:07:32Z","timestamp":1789106852321,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    PPO-inhibiting herbicides are widely used to manage weeds in different cropping systems, yet resistance evolution threatens their long-term efficacy. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of resistance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides in\n                    <jats:italic>Bassia scoparia<\/jats:italic>\n                    biotypes collected from four locations in North Dakota, USA. Greenhouse dose\u2013response assays revealed high levels of resistance to saflufenacil and carfentrazone-ethyl, while fomesafen retained full efficacy across all biotypes. Resistant plants did not show increased copy number or elevated expression of\n                    <jats:italic>PPX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>PPX2<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sequencing of survivor plants revealed conserved PPO2 protein sequences, but consistent target-site substitutions at position F454 in PPO1, including F454I (Phenylalanine, to Isoleucine) F454L (Phenylalanine, to Leucine), and F454V (Phenylalanine, to Valine).\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    enzyme assays demonstrated that these substitutions impair PPO1 enzyme sensitivity to saflufenacil and carfentrazone, but not to fomesafen. Ectopic expression of\n                    <jats:italic>B. scoparia PPX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    encoding F454I, L and V variants in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    conferred tolerance to saflufenacil and carfentrazone-ethyl, but not to fomesafen, supporting greenhouse and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    results. Molecular modeling indicated that the conformational flexibility and interaction profile of fomesafen enables it to maintain binding to mutated PPO1 enzyme variants, in contrast to the more rigid structures of saflufenacil and carfentrazone. A yeast-based complementation system further confirmed that F454 substitutions decrease herbicide sensitivity. In addition, developmental profiling showed distinct expression patterns of\n                    <jats:italic>PPX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>PPX2<\/jats:italic>\n                    during early growth stages in\n                    <jats:italic>B. scoparia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Amaranthus palmeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    , highlighting isoform-specific roles. Together, these findings represent the first reported PPO1 target-site amino acid substitutions in a broadleaf weed species as a key mechanism of resistance and highlight that fomesafen is effective to control resistant\n                    <jats:italic>B. scoparia<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1904705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:30:10Z","timestamp":1789104610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel amino acid substitutions in Protoporphyrinogen oxidase 1 endow resistance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides in Bassia scoparia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aimone","family":"Porri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE","place":["Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quincy D.","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa State University of Science and Technology","place":["Ames, AI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Geddes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gouvernement du Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ikley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Dakota State University","place":["Fargo, ND, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Willingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE Corporation","place":["Research Triangle Park, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Johnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE","place":["Ludwigshafen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Meiners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE Corporation","place":["Research Triangle Park, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sama","family":"Al-Sammarraie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE Antwerpen NV","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Crommar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE Antwerpen NV","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter B. 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