{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:49:27Z","timestamp":1791355767387,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Plants of the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Woodwardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      have a long history of medicinal use in China. Among these plants,\n                      <jats:italic>Woodwardia japonica, Woodwardia unigemmata<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Woodwardia prolifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      are the primary source species of Guan Zhong, a traditional Chinese medicine. However, because of morphological similarity among their dried herbal materials and limited availability of organellar (mitochondrial and chloroplast) genomic data, research on species identification, molecular evolution, and phylogeny has been impeded.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Organelle genomes of the three\n                      <jats:italic>Woodwardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were sequenced and assembled using the second- and third-generation sequencing technologies. In-depth analyses were conducted, including protein-coding genes (PCGs) presence\/absence, non-synonymous\/synonymous mutation ratios (Ka\/Ks), codon usage bias, repeat sequence identification, RNA editing site prediction, synteny and mitochondrial\u2013chloroplast homologous fragment (MTPT) identification, and molecular identification via mVISTA and nucleotide diversity. Finally, we employed both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) methods, based on single-copy orthologous genes and secondary calibrations, to infer phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among\n                      <jats:italic>Woodwardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and related ferns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mitochondrial genomes of the three\n                      <jats:italic>Woodwardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species exhibited notable differences in genome size and characteristics; while the chloroplast genomes were relatively conserved and highly similar. Phylogenetic and divergence time analyses indicated that\n                      <jats:italic>W. unigemmata<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>W. prolifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      are more closely related and diverged more recently. Integrated analyses of highly variable regions and phylogenetic revealed that the intergenic spacer\n                      <jats:italic>rrn16\u2013rps12_exon2 or rps12_exon2\u2013rrn16<\/jats:italic>\n                      could effectively differentiate the three Guan Zhong-related\n                      <jats:italic>Woodwardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, suggesting their potential utility as reliable DNA barcodes for identifying medicinal materials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results provide comprehensive insights and reliable, detailed organelle genomic data for the phylogeny and molecular identification of W. japonica,\n                      <jats:italic>W. unigemmata<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>W. prolifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1905066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:50:23Z","timestamp":1791352223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative organelle genome analysis of three medicinal species of the genus Woodwardia (Blechnaceae): new insights into the phylogeny and molecular identification"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yutong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiao","family":"Men","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingguo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, China"]},{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Resource Development Professional Technology Innovation Center, Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq029","article-title":"Insights into the evolution of mitochondrial genome size from complete sequences of Citrullus lanatus and Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)","volume":"27","author":"Alverson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. 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