{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:07:39Z","timestamp":1788934059052,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sex expression in\n                      <jats:italic>Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      is determined by XX\/XY sex chromosomes but remains plastic, with ethylene inhibition inducing male flowers on XX plants and ethylene release inducing female flowers on XY plants. Although ethylene is a central regulator of this process, the contribution of the gibberellin (GA) pathway to cannabis sex reversal remains poorly defined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We reconstructed the GA biosynthesis, regulation, and signaling pathway in\n                      <jats:italic>C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      using orthology-based searches, and profiled GA-related gene expression during chemically induced sex reversal through transcriptomic analyses spanning the vegetative baseline, early post-treatment leaves, and developing flowers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Orthology-based searches identified 50 putative\n                      <jats:italic>C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      GA-related genes distributed across the genome, with 11 on the X chromosome, including six in the non-recombining region. Expression profiles were broadly similar between XX and XY plants at day 0, weakly perturbed at day 1, and strongly structured by floral phenotype at day 14. Early responses were limited to downregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>CsGA3ox1<\/jats:italic>\n                      in ethephon-treated XY plants and\n                      <jats:italic>CsGASA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      in STS-treated XX plants. By day 14, sex reversal was associated with differential expression of\n                      <jats:italic>CsGA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , multiple\n                      <jats:italic>GA20ox<\/jats:italic>\n                      orthologs,\n                      <jats:italic>CsGID1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CsSLY2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and several\n                      <jats:italic>GASA<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, indicating broad remodeling of GA-related transcription.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results show that ethylene-pathway manipulation is associated with time- and phenotype-dependent changes in GA-related gene expression, pointing to a contribution of the GA pathway to cannabis sex reversal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1905836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:58:44Z","timestamp":1788933524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gibberellin pathway remodeling accompanies ethylene-driven sex reversal in Cannabis sativa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Julien","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de phytologie, Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre de recherche et d\u2019innovation sur les v\u00e9g\u00e9taux (CRIV), Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian S.","family":"Monthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de phytologie, Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre de recherche et d\u2019innovation sur les v\u00e9g\u00e9taux (CRIV), Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davoud","family":"Torkamaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de phytologie, Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre de recherche et d\u2019innovation sur les v\u00e9g\u00e9taux (CRIV), Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Institut intelligence et donn\u00e9es (IID), Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610717104","article-title":"The plant stress hormone ethylene controls floral transition via DELLA-dependent regulation of floral meristem-identity genes","volume":"104","author":"Achard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. 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