{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T06:23:57Z","timestamp":1787207037101,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Speed breeding (SB) accelerates generation turnover, but the small seed quantities produced during rapid generation advance remain a bottleneck. Here, we quantify intensive off-season seed multiplication as a scale-up stage of the SB pipeline. Using spring barley, we tested two lighting systems, high-pressure sodium (HP S) and light-emitting diode (LED), and two cultivars at three pot configurations in Moscow (55.75\u00b0N) over winter at 24\u00b0C and a 22-h photoperiod. Fertile tillers reached 31\u2013105 per plant, and the mean seed number ranged from 553 to 1,562 per plant, giving a seed multiplication ratio ( SMR; seeds harvested per seed sown) of up to ~1,560, against typical field values of ~30\u2013120 seeds per plant. The response was reproduced in both cultivars. Per lamp-supplied photon, HP S matched or exceeded LED efficiency in all three pot configurations, indicating that the higher LED yields reflect a greater photon dose rather than spectral superiority. Per unit area, 2 L pots were the most efficient (~20,000\u201324,500 seeds m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), so a single winter cycle in ~1.3\u20133.3 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    of chamber space can supply enough seed for a competitive yield trial and save up to two breeding years. This is a proof of concept based on two cultivars, one winter season, one site, and two replicates; within those limits, the approach requires no lighting beyond that already installed in controlled-environment facilities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1912336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:29:12Z","timestamp":1787203752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Off-season seed multiplication in spring barley: a scale-up step for speed breeding"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alina G.","family":"Marenkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Genetic Technologies, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir N.","family":"Igonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Genetic Technologies, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina A.","family":"Kocheshkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Genetic Technologies, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kroupin P.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Genetic Technologies, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail G.","family":"Divashuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Genetic Technologies, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(03)00168-0","article-title":"Leaf appearance, tillering and their coordination in old and modern barleys from Argentina","volume":"86","author":"Abeledo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1680955","article-title":"Speed breeding: protocols, application and achievements","volume":"16","author":"Blinkov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. 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Russia"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.50.8.1128","article-title":"Spectral effects of artificial light on plant physiology and secondary metabolism: a review","volume":"50","author":"Ouzounis","year":"2015","journal-title":"horts"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00903.x","article-title":"Modulation of leaf elongation, tiller appearance and tiller senescence in spring barley by far-red light","volume":"16","author":"Skinner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"State Register of Selection Achievements Admitted for Usage\n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcq084","article-title":"Contribution of strigolactones to the inhibition of tiller bud outgrowth under phosphate deficiency in rice","volume":"51","author":"Umehara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0083-8","article-title":"Speed breeding is a powerful tool to accelerate crop research and breeding","volume":"4","author":"Watson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1912336\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:29:13Z","timestamp":1787203753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1912336\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1912336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1912336","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"1912336"}}