{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:57:18Z","timestamp":1790776638790,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are root-colonizing endophytes present in most terrestrial ecosystems, including agricultural soils. AMF have been shown to provide a spectrum of benefits to their plant hosts. Their functional benefits can be both environmental-context dependent and fungus-plant-species dependent. How contextual controls govern AMF-mediated benefits is not well-understood, yet this knowledge is key to successful \u201creal-world\u201d application. The objective of this study was to assess contextual benefits of specific apple rootstock\/AMF associations, including improved tolerance to water stress, nutrient access, and disease resistance. In conjunction, we sought to better understand how certain context-dependent factors, such as host genotype and soil microbial context influenced anticipated functional benefits. Specifically, in the first experiment, we tested the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizophagus irregularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to improve water and inorganic nitrogen (\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) uptake in G.11 rootstock with (and without) water stress in \u201clive\u201d (replant disease-conducive) vs. pasteurized (pathogen-free) orchard soil. While AMF inoculation did positively influence plant water and nitrogen uptake, these benefits were modulated by watering regime and dependent on soil microbial context. Under replant conditions, pre-colonization of G.11 rootstocks by\n                    <jats:italic>R.irregularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    led to significant increases in stomatal conductance in both well-watered and water-limited conditions. By notable comparison, soil pasteurization appeared to negate this benefit. At the same time (in live soil), AMF inoculation was associated with significantly greater total\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N isotope tracer recovery under well-watered (but not water-stressed) conditions. The second experiment focused on the role host genotype\/AMF species identity plays in reducing pathogen infection in apple roots. The ability of the AMF\n                    <jats:italic>Claroideoglomus etunicatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Claroideoglomus claroideum<\/jats:italic>\n                    to reduce infection by the fungal replant pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizoctonia solani<\/jats:italic>\n                    AG-5 in G.41 and G.890 was tested. Findings showed AMF directly limited pathogen establishment. The degree of protective effect varied, however, according to the particular host genotype\/AMF species combination. Both experiments establish clear evidence of AMF species directly functioning in beneficial roles with commercially available apple rootstock genotypes and provide insight into specific AMF-rootstock relationships with the potential to promote more resilient and sustainable apple production. The context-dependency of these outcomes highlights the need to move beyond generalized strategies for enhancing mycorrhizal benefits in orchard systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1914090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:37:38Z","timestamp":1790224658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing functional benefits of specific apple rootstock\/AMF associations within context-dependent frameworks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University","place":["Wenatchee, WA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Schaefer","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University","place":["Wenatchee, WA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wade","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Regional Research Center, Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service","place":["Wyndmoor, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Kalcsits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University","place":["Wenatchee, WA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Somera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Pathology of Tree Fruits Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service","place":["Wenatchee, WA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03608","article-title":"Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi","volume":"435","author":"Akiyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.48311\/jcp.2020.1466","article-title":"Assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus spp.) as potential biocontrol agents against damping-off disease Rhizoctonia solani on cucumber","volume":"9","author":"Aljawasim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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