{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T06:27:58Z","timestamp":1786429678719,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Intercropping can improve tea soils and leaf quality, but partner-specific responses remain unclear. We compared four systems\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>Paris polyphylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013tea (CT), leguminous green manure\u2013tea (LF),\n                    <jats:italic>Pleurotus ostreatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013tea (CJ), and\n                    <jats:italic>Polygonatum kingianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013tea (HJ)\u2014with matched monoculture controls. Tea and soil traits were integrated with high-throughput sequencing, LEfSe, PICRUSt2 functional prediction, and correlation analyses. LF significantly increased soil available and total phosphorus, enriched the potentially beneficial fungi\n                    <jats:italic>Mortierella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the tea rhizosphere, and enhanced the predicted potential for microbial amino acid transformation, potentially facilitating leaf free amino acid accumulation, which increased by 28%. CT enriched\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and enhanced predicted microbial carbohydrate-conversion and redox potential, potentially promoting leaf flavonoid accumulation, which increased by 21%. CJ significantly increased soil available phosphorus and potassium, enriched\n                    <jats:italic>Talaromyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Exophiala<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and enhanced predicted organic-substrate-transformation potential, potentially facilitating organic matter turnover and nutrient release. HJ increased soil pH by 24%, enriched Nitrosomonadaceae and Rhizobiaceae, and enhanced predicted amino acid-, carbohydrate-, and phenylpropanoid-related metabolic potential, indicating improved acid-soil conditions and distinct microbial functional responses. Overall, different partners improved different attributes. LF showed the most balanced contribution to soil phosphorus status and amino-acid-associated tea quality, whereas CT, CJ, and HJ offered targeted advantages in flavonoid enrichment, phosphorus and potassium availability, and acid-soil amelioration, respectively. These findings support selecting intercropping partners according to specific soil-management and tea-quality objectives.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1914455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:35:57Z","timestamp":1786426557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of different intercropping patterns on tea rhizosphere environment and leaf quality"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxia","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Support and Technical Service Center, Wongdu Town, Changning County","place":["Baoshan, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaomei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Organic Tea Industry Intelligent Engineering Research Center","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D498","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1025","article-title":"BRENDA, the ELIXIR core data resource in 2021: new developments and updates","volume":"49","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15030511","article-title":"Intercropping different legumes in tea plantation improves soil properties and tea quality components by regulating rhizosphere soil microorganisms","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab090","article-title":"Inferring microbiota functions from taxonomic genes: a review","volume":"11","author":"Djemiel","year":"2022","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","article-title":"PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions","volume":"38","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-03258-1","article-title":"The effects of tea plants\u2013soybean intercropping on the secondary metabolites of tea plants by metabolomics analysis","volume":"21","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhae018","article-title":"Leguminous green manure intercropping changes the soil microbial community and increases soil nutrients and key quality components of tea leaves","volume":"11","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-018-3810-7","article-title":"Hidden miners\u2014the roles of cover crops and soil microorganisms in phosphorus cycling through agroecosystems","volume":"434","author":"Hallama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022371130939","article-title":"Origins of root-mediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their responses to environmental constraints: a review","volume":"248","author":"Hinsinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhac046","article-title":"Tea plant\u2013legume intercropping simultaneously improves soil fertility and tea quality by changing Bacillus species composition","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14061338","article-title":"Effect of soil pH on the uptake of essential elements by tea plant and subsequent impact on growth and leaf quality","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0029-9","article-title":"Best practices for analysing microbiomes","volume":"16","author":"Knight","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac163","article-title":"Plant\u2013microbe interactions in the rhizosphere via a circular metabolic economy","volume":"34","author":"Korenblum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9874","article-title":"FunFun: ITS-based functional annotator of fungal communities","volume":"13","author":"Krivonos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12235","article-title":"Competition between roots and microorganisms for nitrogen: mechanisms and ecological relevance","volume":"198","author":"Kuzyakov","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-021-00615-x","article-title":"The tea plant CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 transporters take up amino acids, as a nitrogen source, from the soil of organic tea plantations","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217018","article-title":"The effects of chemical and organic fertilizer usage on rhizosphere soil in tea orchards","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.08.008","article-title":"Effects of phosphorus supply on the quality of green tea","volume":"130","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.756433","article-title":"Accumulation of amino acids and flavonoids in young tea shoots is highly correlated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in roots and mature leaves","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69673-0","article-title":"Elucidating the interaction of rhizosphere microorganisms and environmental factors influencing the quality of Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15011","DOI":"10.1038\/hortres.2015.11","article-title":"Relationship between gene expression and the accumulation of catechin during spring and autumn in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312824","article-title":"The flavonoid biosynthesis network in plants","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.06.028","article-title":"Intercropping improves soil nutrient availability, soil enzyme activity and tea quantity and quality","volume":"119","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1139\/cjss-2021-0123","article-title":"Influence of tea\u2013Pleurotus ostreatus intercropping on soil fungal diversity and community structure","volume":"102","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac9323","article-title":"Microbiomes in light of traits: a phylogenetic perspective","volume":"350","author":"Martiny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq028","article-title":"Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture","volume":"105","author":"Masclaux-Daubresse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.05.024","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz extracts","volume":"97","author":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4446-9","article-title":"Potential uses of spent mushroom substrate and its associated lignocellulosic enzymes","volume":"96","author":"Phan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.58","article-title":"Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil","volume":"4","author":"Rousk","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00417","article-title":"Fundamentals of microbial community resistance and resilience","volume":"3","author":"Shade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.3","volume-title":"Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods","author":"Sparks","year":"1996"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"GB\/T 8314\u20132013: Tea\u2014Determination of Free Amino Acids Content","year":"2013"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112149","article-title":"Tea\u2013soybean intercropping improves tea quality and nutrition uptake by inducing changes in rhizosphere bacterial communities","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042329","article-title":"Trichoderma: the current status of its application in agriculture for the biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens and stimulation of plant growth","volume":"23","author":"Ty\u015bkiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp106","article-title":"Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis","volume":"3","author":"Vogt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13041110","article-title":"Tea plantation intercropping legume improves soil ecosystem multifunctionality and tea quality by regulating rare bacterial taxa","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2023.126767","article-title":"Effect of potassium fertilizer on tea yield and quality: a meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Xi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61883-w","article-title":"Tea and Pleurotus ostreatus intercropping modulates structure of soil and root microbial communities","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19441-1","article-title":"Metabolite signatures of diverse Camellia sinensis tea populations","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0129-3","article-title":"Dynamic root exudate chemistry and microbial substrate preferences drive patterns in rhizosphere microbial community assembly","volume":"3","author":"Zhalnina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2019.07.019","article-title":"Agroforestry alters the rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal communities of moso bamboo plantations in subtropical China","volume":"143","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081721","article-title":"The effect of intercropping with different leguminous green manures on the soil environment and tea quality in tea plantations","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1914455\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:35:58Z","timestamp":1786426558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1914455\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1914455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1914455","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"article-number":"1914455"}}