{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:28:03Z","timestamp":1787120883965,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    High-quality lilies with multiple flower buds are in demand for export, but small- and medium-sized bulbs often produce fewer buds, prompting the need for improved cultivation strategies. In this study, the effects of pre-planting plant growth regulator treatments on cut flower quality (flower bud number and length, plant height, and bulb circumference) in small- and medium-sized lily bulbs (14\u201316 cm) were investigated. Six lily cultivars (\u2018Aubisque,\u2019 \u2018Difference,\u2019 \u2018Ducati,\u2019 \u2018Spring City,\u2019 \u2018Sweet Zanica,\u2019 and \u2018Woori Tower\u2019), representing three lineages, were treated with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or gibberellin (GA) + BA at different concentrations and immersion times. Immersion in BA for 30\u00a0min significantly increased flower bud number overall (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0003), with 0.20 mM identified as the most effective concentration, but the response was strongly cultivar dependent: a significant increase occurred in only two of the six cultivars (\u2018Spring City\u2019 and \u2018Sweet Zanica\u2019), the remaining four were unresponsive, and GA+BA was ineffective in all cultivars. Machine learning models were constructed to predict flower bud number (R\u00b2 = 0.558) and bulb circumference (R\u00b2 = 0.915) from phenotypic traits. Correlation and principal component analysis identified shoot fresh weight and number of stem leaves as the grower-observable traits most closely associated with flower bud number, and response surface methodology was used to convert them into cultivar-specific growth targets. Pre-planting BA immersion therefore offers an economic and practical strategy for producing export-grade cut flowers from small- and medium-sized bulbs, but only in cytokinin-responsive cultivars, which must be identified before commercial adoption.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1916678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:48:24Z","timestamp":1787118504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of plant growth regulator treatments on quality-related traits and the establishment of cultivar-specific cultivation conditions in small- and medium-sized lily bulbs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kyong-Eun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Kongju National University","place":["Yesan, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Chungcheongnam-Do Agricultural Research and Extension Services","place":["Yesan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Gyeong","family":"Hyeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chungcheongnam-Do Agricultural Research and Extension Services","place":["Yesan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Kongju National University","place":["Yesan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.03.004","article-title":"Lilium morphology, physiology, anatomy and postharvest flower quality in response to plant growth regulators","volume":"156","author":"Al-Ajlouni","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. 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