{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:18:07Z","timestamp":1787897887159,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    shoot regeneration is critical for plant propagation and serves as a model for cellular reprogramming. The classic Arabidopsis\n                    <jats:italic>thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    two-step system requires an auxin-rich callus-inducing medium to generate pluripotent callus with lateral root primordium (LRP) identity. However, whether this LRP-dependent pathway is universally required in one-step protocols using cytokinin-supplemented medium remains unclear. Here, we investigated one-step shoot regeneration from petunia (\n                    <jats:italic>Petunia hybrida<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) leaf explants on cytokinin-supplemented medium using time-course RNA-seq. Clustering analysis of 7,357 differentially expressed genes identified six temporal expression patterns associated with wound response, metabolic activation, cell division, and shoot meristem formation. Strikingly, key LRP-associated pluripotency markers\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PLETHORA 1a\/b<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN 16\/29<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014were not activated on cytokinin-supplemented medium, although they were readily induced on auxin-containing medium. These findings indicate that shoot regeneration proceeds via a root-meristem-independent pathway. Instead, on cytokinin-supplemented medium, shoot apical meristem (SAM) regulators were activated, including\n                    <jats:italic>ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>ESR1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    , day 4),\n                    <jats:italic>WUSCHEL<\/jats:italic>\n                    (day 4),\n                    <jats:italic>SHOOT MERISTEMLESS<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>NO APICAL MERISTEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    (day 7). The auxin pathway was transiently suppressed but was subsequently reconfigured, with specific upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>ARF5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), the sole induced ARF member. Overexpression of petunia\n                    <jats:italic>WOUND INDUCED DEDIFFERENTIATION 1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>WIND1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a key wound-induced regulator in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , did not enhance regeneration, suggesting the canonical\n                    <jats:italic>WIND-ESR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    axis is bypassed. We propose a model in which wounding and cytokinin coordinately drive callus proliferation, induce SAM genes, and upregulate\n                    <jats:italic>PhARF5<\/jats:italic>\n                    without establishing an LRP-like state. This study reveals a streamlined, root-meristem-independent route to shoot regeneration, underscoring the plasticity of plant regenerative programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1918195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:35:08Z","timestamp":1787895308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cytokinin-supplemented medium drives de novo shoot regeneration in petunia (Petunia hybrida) by bypassing the root-meristem program"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beibei District","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beibei District","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beibei District","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beibei District","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.018","article-title":"The PLETHORA genes mediate patterning of the Arabidopsis root stem cell niche","volume":"119","author":"Aida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-020-02508-0","article-title":"Hormonal and gene dynamics in de novo shoot meristem formation during adventitious caulogenesis in cotyledons of Pinus pinea","volume":"39","author":"Alvarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03715.x","article-title":"Pluripotency of Arabidopsis xylem pericycle underlies shoot regeneration from root and hypocotyl explants grown in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Atta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/42.1.51","article-title":"Developmental pattern of root and shoot organogenesis in cultured leaf explants of Nicotiana tabacum cv. 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