{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:21:53Z","timestamp":1787836913860,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Nelumbo nucifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gaertn. is an economically and ecologically important aquatic plant, but its growth and productivity are severely constrained by soil salinization and alkalization. AP2\/ERF transcription factors are key regulators of plant abiotic stress responses; however, their roles in salt\u2013alkali tolerance in\n                    <jats:italic>N. nucifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    remain largely unclear. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification and characterization of the AP2\/ERF gene family in\n                    <jats:italic>N. nucifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    , followed by phylogenetic, structural, and physicochemical analyses. A total of 101 AP2\/ERF genes were identified and classified into five subfamilies, showing both evolutionary conservation and species-specific divergence compared with Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiological analyses during seed germination under salt\u2013alkali stress revealed significant changes in malondialdehyde content, proline accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting activation of oxidative stress defense and osmotic adjustment mechanisms. Transcriptome profiling of seedlings treated with 150 mM salt\u2013alkali solution for 5 and 10 days identified 7,350 differentially expressed genes, including 29 AP2\/ERF members responsive to stress. Among them, 13 genes, including\n                    <jats:italic>AP2-9, ERF23, ERF15, ERF31, ERF34<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>DREB21<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were consistently upregulated under both treatments, indicating their potential roles in stress adaptation. qRT-PCR validation further confirmed the sustained upregulation of key genes\n                    <jats:italic>AP2-9, ERF23, ERF34, and DREB21<\/jats:italic>\n                    , consistent with transcriptome data. Overall, this study provides the first comprehensive overview of the AP2\/ERF gene family in\n                    <jats:italic>N. nucifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    and identifies candidate regulators involved in salt\u2013alkali stress responses, offering valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of stress adaptation and potential genetic resources for breeding salt\u2013alkali tolerant aquatic plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1922760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T12:57:55Z","timestamp":1787835475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive characterization of the genes in AP2\/ERF family and their involvement in salt\u2013alkali stress response during Nelumbo nucifera seed germination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flower Research Institute, Hunan Botanical Garden","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Intergrative Utilization Technology of Eucommia Ulmoides, Jishou University","place":["Jishou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flower Research Institute, Hunan Botanical Garden","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology, Hunan University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuoli","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flower Research Institute, Hunan Botanical Garden","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flower Research Institute, Hunan Botanical Garden","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flower Research Institute, Hunan Botanical Garden","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qilong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yueyang Agricultural Science Research Institute","place":["Yueyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zishan","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yongan Primary School Affiliated to Yantian District Institute of Education","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flower Research Institute, Hunan Botanical Garden","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donglv","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flower Research Institute, Hunan Botanical Garden","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12520","article-title":"Genome-wide dissection of AP2\/ERF and HSP90 gene families in five legumes and expression profiles in chickpea and pigeonpea","volume":"14","author":"Agarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. 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