{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:18:20Z","timestamp":1787811500497,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Accurate quantification of rice aboveground biomass (AGB) is critical for crop monitoring but remains challenging due to the complex nonlinearity arising from the coupling of plant density, spatial structure, and internal dry matter distribution. To address the limitations of single-source remote sensing, this study proposed a Three-Dimensional Dry Matter Distribution Integration (3D-DMI) model, which establishes a physically interpretable framework decomposing AGB into dry matter density (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"im1\">\n                        <mml:mi>\u03c1<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), horizontal projection distribution (\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and vertical cumulative distribution (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"im2\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>h<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>d<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) components. Guided by this framework, a core subset of six features (Red_650, MTCI, G_correlation, R_correlation, LPI, and HPA0_99) was extracted from UAV-based multispectral, RGB, and LiDAR data using a dual-step feature selection approach combining Maximum Information Coefficient (MIC) and Distance Correlation (dCor). A Random Forest (RF) regression model was then developed to estimate AGB across the entire growth season. The results demonstrated that the 3D-DMI model achieved excellent performance with an\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    of 0.920, an RMSE of 0.184 kg\/m\u00b2, and an RPD of 3.544, significantly outperforming any single-sensor approach. Single-feature analysis revealed that while LiDAR-derived structural features provided the fundamental basis for biomass estimation, they encountered inherent saturation bottlenecks during late growth stages. Feature contribution analysis based on SHAP further quantified that LiDAR-derived features dominated the estimation process (68.5% contribution), providing the volumetric basis, whereas RGB textures (18.3%) and multispectral features (13.3%) provided indispensable supplements. Ultimately, this study established a robust, physically grounded computational paradigm for high-precision UAV-based rice biomass monitoring across the entire growth cycle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1924408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:34:40Z","timestamp":1787808880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rice aboveground biomass estimation based on three-dimensional dry matter distribution integration model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Low-Altitude Technology, South China Agricultural University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviationdc Pesticides Spraying Technology, South China Agricultural 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