{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:04:34Z","timestamp":1789538674972,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015818","name":"Recherches Avanc\u00e9es sur la Biologie de l\u2019Arbre et les Ecosyst\u00e8mes Forestiers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0002-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0002-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022077","name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fungal polyketides constitute a structurally diverse class of secondary metabolites involved in ecological adaptation, stress responses, antagonistic interactions, and host-associated processes. However, their roles in mycorrhizal fungi remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the repertoire and potential functions of polyketide synthases (PKSs) in the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus\n                      <jats:italic>Oidiodendron maius<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genome-wide analyses identified 45 PKS-coding genes and 59 predicted biosynthetic gene clusters associated with secondary metabolite production. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that several PKS genes were differentially regulated during symbiosis with\n                      <jats:italic>Vaccinium myrtillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and under cadmium exposure. Among these, the gene\n                      <jats:italic>OmPKS197601<\/jats:italic>\n                      was strongly upregulated under both conditions and was selected for functional characterization through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene disruption. Three independent OmPKS197601 knockout mutants were generated and evaluated for their ability to establish mycorrhizal symbiosis and tolerate cadmium and zinc stress. Knock-out mutants were also tested for their ability to antagonize the growth of selected fungal species. No significant differences were observed between the wild-type strain and the three\n                      <jats:italic>OmPKS197601<\/jats:italic>\n                      knock-out mutants in either mycorrhization efficiency or metal tolerance. In contrast, dual-culture assays with the M2 knock-out mutant demonstrated reduced antagonistic activity against both plant pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi, including\n                      <jats:italic>Heterobasidion annosum, Pythium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Kuehneromyces mutabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Stereum hirsutum<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, these findings reveal the extensive genetic potential of\n                      <jats:italic>O. maius<\/jats:italic>\n                      for polyketide biosynthesis and suggest that regulated expression of PKS genes may contribute to the ecological fitness and biocontrol potential of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1924430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:30:41Z","timestamp":1789536641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyketide synthase gene clusters in the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius: genome-wide prediction, expression profiling, and functional characterization of knockout mutants"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Belmondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Daghino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy 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