{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:13:28Z","timestamp":1788423208801,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012579","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-ZJ-993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-ZJ-993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Delphinium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , characterized by distinctive spurred flowers, comprises numerous high-altitude endemic species with significant ornamental and medicinal value. However, the intrageneric phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of\n                    <jats:italic>Delphinium<\/jats:italic>\n                    have remained poorly resolved, primarily due to the limited variability of traditional DNA markers and complex morphological homoplasy. In this study, complete chloroplast genomes of three\n                    <jats:italic>Delphinium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were sequenced and combined with those of 29\n                    <jats:italic>Delphinium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. publicly available plastomes to conduct a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis and divergence time estimation. The\n                    <jats:italic>Delphinium<\/jats:italic>\n                    plastomes exhibited a highly conserved quadripartite structure, with genome sizes ranging from 153,769 to 157,339 bp. Comparative genomic analyses revealed 2,426 SSRs, and although narrow variable windows (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;gt; 0.02) were detected within or adjacent to five loci (\n                    <jats:italic>ndhA<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>ndhH<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ycf2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>trnG<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>trnfM<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>rps14<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>rrn23<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>trnI<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), their overall sequences remained highly conserved at the species level. Given their moderate overall divergence and reduced substitution saturation, these five loci are suitable for higher-level phylogeny, whereas conventional DNA barcodes and SSC-derived regions remain more effective for species-level discrimination. Phylogenomic reconstruction based on whole plastomes robustly supported the monophyly of\n                    <jats:italic>Delphinium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and resolved six well-supported primary clades, outperforming concatenated protein-coding genes in topological resolution. Furthermore, divergence time estimation revealed that the\n                    <jats:italic>Delphinium<\/jats:italic>\n                    crown group originated in the early Eocene (ca. 53.23 Ma; 95% HPD: 51.68-54.77 Ma). An initial major lineage divergence occurred during the Oligocene (ca. 28.53 Ma) driven by global cooling, followed by exPLoSive diversification during the Pliocene and Pleistocene (e.g., rapid radiation of core clades at 3.47 Ma). This recent rapid radiation was likely triggered by the intense uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and recurrent Northern Hemisphere glaciations. Collectively, our study provides new insights into the plastome evolution and phylogeny of\n                    <jats:italic>Delphinium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , offering a robust evolutionary framework for understanding its diversification and facilitating future population genetic analyses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1925719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:26:00Z","timestamp":1788420360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative genomics, phylogenomic reconstruction and divergence time analysis of 32 Delphinium species based on complete chloroplast genomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Landscape Plants Research, Plateau Flower Research Centre, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University","place":["Yangling, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Institute for Drug Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiayu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University","place":["Yangling, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiasheng","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Testing Center","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Landscape Plants Research, Plateau Flower Research Centre, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty220","article-title":"IRscope: an online program to visualize the junction sites of chloroplast genomes","volume":"34","author":"Amiryousefi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4723","article-title":"The complete chloroplast genome of Colobanthus apetalus (Labill.) Druce: genome organization and comparison with related species","volume":"6","author":"Androsiuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003537","article-title":"BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bouckaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2426017122","article-title":"Cenozoic geoclimatic changes drove the evolutionary dynamics of floristic endemism on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","volume":"122","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp348","article-title":"trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses","volume":"25","author":"Capella-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.12705\/656.7","article-title":"The evolution of Afro-Montane Delphinium (Ranunculaceae): morphospecies, phylogenetics and biogeography","volume":"65","author":"Chartier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Taxon."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1004-2","article-title":"Chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering","volume":"17","author":"Daniell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adz1888","article-title":"The asynchronous rise of Northern Hemisphere alpine floras reveals general responses of biotic assembly to orogeny and climate change","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4484","article-title":"Ancient orogenic and monsoon-driven assembly of the world's richest temperate alpine flora","volume":"369","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08348","article-title":"ycf1, the most promising plastid DNA barcode of land plants","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10787","article-title":"Analysis of codon usage patterns of the chloroplast genome in Delphinium grandiflorum L. reveals a preference for AT-ending codons as a result of major selection constraints","volume":"9","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2010.02438.x","article-title":"Northern Hemisphere origin, transoceanic dispersal, and diversification of Ranunculeae DC. (Ranunculaceae) in the Cenozoic","volume":"38","author":"Emadzade","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12107","article-title":"The role of the uplift of the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas","volume":"90","author":"Favre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12162","article-title":"Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the Aquilegia rapid radiation through next-generation sequencing of rapidly evolving cpDNA regions","volume":"198","author":"Fior","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02672076","article-title":"A modified CTAB DNA extraction procedure for Musa and Ipomoea","volume":"9","author":"Gawel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05435.x","article-title":"Neotenic evolution of Delphinium nudicaule (Ranunculaceae): a hummingbird-pollinated larkspur","volume":"36","author":"Guerrant","year":"1982","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/35016000","article-title":"The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages","volume":"405","author":"Hewitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12953","article-title":"Molecular-clock methods for estimating evolutionary rates and timescales","volume":"23","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019254","article-title":"Choosing and using a plant DNA barcode","volume":"6","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987740","article-title":"Phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae based on preliminary atpB, rbcL and 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data","volume":"9","author":"Hoot","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Syst. Evol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.12.005","article-title":"A phylogeny of Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) shows that Aconitum is nested within Delphinium and that Late Miocene transitions to long life cycles in the Himalayas and Southwest China coincide with bursts in diversification","volume":"62","author":"Jabbour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcp161","article-title":"Establishment of zygomorphy on an ontogenic spiral and evolution of perianth in the tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae)","volume":"104","author":"Jabbour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199","article-title":"Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data","volume":"28","author":"Kearse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1139\/g11-026","article-title":"Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Magnolia kwangsiensis (Magnoliaceae): implication for DNA barcoding and population genetics","volume":"54","author":"Kuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for bigger datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040442","article-title":"Slipped-strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence evolution","volume":"4","author":"Levinson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76699-7","article-title":"Chloroplast genomes elucidate diversity, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae)","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3897\/compcytogen.17.101427","article-title":"Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Rhododendron mariesii and comparative genomics of related species in the family Ericaceae","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp. Cytogenet."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72276","article-title":"Chloroplast genomes characterization of Aconitum violaceum, Caltha palustris, and Delphinium denudatum (Ranunculaceae)","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00802","article-title":"The complete chloroplast genome sequences of 14 Curcuma species: insights into genome evolution and phylogenetic relationships within Zingiberales","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2004.12.006","article-title":"Taxon sampling effects in molecular clock dating: an example from the African Restionaceae","volume":"35","author":"Linder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.91.10.1700","article-title":"Reconstructing patterns of reticulate evolution in plants","volume":"91","author":"Linder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-08043-y","article-title":"Comparative analyses of the plastid genomes and their phylogenetic implications in tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae)","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13264","article-title":"A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity","volume":"207","author":"Magall\u00f3n","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.32604\/phyton.2024.051559","article-title":"Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genomes of 19 species in Rosaceae family","volume":"93","author":"Mahai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phyton"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"683","article-title":"The system of the genus Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) based on the morphological features of seeds","volume":"72","author":"Malyutin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bot. Zh."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","article-title":"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities","volume":"403","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.3.769","article-title":"Unusual structure of geranium chloroplast DNA: a triple-sized inverted repeat, extensive gene duplications, multiple inversions, and two repeat families","volume":"84","author":"Palmer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59547-6","article-title":"Recurrent gene duplication in the angiosperm tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) inferred from intracellular gene transfer events and heteroplasmic mutations in the plastid matK gene","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184257","article-title":"The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Aconitum coreanum and Aconitum carmichaelii and comparative analysis with other Aconitum species","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)02097-8","article-title":"Chloroplast microsatellites: new tools for studies in plant ecology and evolution","volume":"16","author":"Provan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pld.2021.09.003","article-title":"Elevational patterns of functional diversity and trait of Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) in Hengduan Mountains, China","volume":"44","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Divers."},{"key":"B47","unstructured":"Rambaut\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Figtree V1.3.1\n          \n          2009"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"Rambaut\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Suchard\n              M. A.\n            \n            \n              Xie\n              D.\n            \n            \n              Drummond\n              A. J.\n            \n          \n          Tracer V1.6\n          \n          2014"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1241-3","article-title":"The delayed and geographically heterogeneous diversification of flowering plant families","volume":"4","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Barahona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23818107.2019.1663447","article-title":"Plastid phylogeography of Delphinium fissum subsp. sordidum and the series Fissa (Ranunculaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula: implications for conservation","volume":"166","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bot. Lett."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space","volume":"61","author":"Ronquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","article-title":"DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets","volume":"34","author":"Rozas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1453951","article-title":"Delphinium as a model for development and evolution of complex zygomorphic flowers","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.94.3.275","article-title":"The tortoise and the hare II: relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis","volume":"94","author":"Shaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05279-y","article-title":"Complete chloroplast genomes of eight Delphinium taxa (Ranunculaceae) endemic to Xinjiang, China: insights into genome structure, comparative analysis, and phylogenetic relationships","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09448-5","article-title":"Complete chloroplast genome structural characterization of two Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae) species and comparative analysis with their alliance","volume":"24","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7747","article-title":"Characterizing gene tree conflict in plastome-inferred phylogenies","volume":"7","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.119374","article-title":"Molecular marker development and phylogenetic analysis of Aconitum species based on chloroplast genomes","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"223","article-title":"Delphinium","volume-title":"Flora of China","author":"Wang","year":"2001"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"3766","article-title":"Chloroplast genome sequence characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Clematis henryi","volume":"53","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94137-0","article-title":"Comparative and phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast genomes of species of Paeoniaceae","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1360\/yc-007-0420","article-title":"The analysis method and progress in the study of codon bias","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.878182","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome for Aconitum species: genome structure and phylogenetic relationships","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.12705\/663.3","article-title":"Recircumscription of Delphinium subg. Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) and implications for its biogeography","volume":"66","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Taxon."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3444","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616063114","article-title":"Uplift-driven diversification in the Hengduan Mountains, a temperate biodiversity hotspot","volume":"114","author":"Xing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.2174\/0113852728277472231122092333","article-title":"An overview of chemistry and bioactivity of non-diterpenoid alkaloids in the genera Aconitum and Delphinium (Ranunculaceae)","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Chem."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059412","article-title":"Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present","volume":"292","author":"Zachos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.911702","article-title":"Comparative chloroplast genomics of seven endangered Cypripedium species and phylogenetic relationships of Orchidaceae","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/botlinnean\/boab063","article-title":"Floral ontogeny of Delphinium anthriscifolium (Ranunculaceae) and development of intrafloral and symmetrical resupinated organs","volume":"198","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bot. J. Linn. Soc"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-08058-3","article-title":"Evolution and structural variations in chloroplast tRNAs in gymnosperms","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13743","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of the plastid inverted repeat: the effects of expansion, contraction, and loss on substitution rates","volume":"209","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Phytol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1925719\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:26:02Z","timestamp":1788420362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1925719\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1925719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1925719","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1925719"}}