{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:03:40Z","timestamp":1789625020613,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The OVATE family proteins (OFPs) are plant-specific regulators that modulate organ morphogenesis and grain development. To elucidate their roles in sorghum (\n                    <jats:italic>Sorghum bicolor<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) grain development, we performed a pan-genome-informed comparative analysis of the OFP family using 17 published sorghum genomes and identified 498\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. These 498 genes were classified into 35\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP<\/jats:italic>\n                    orthologous gene families, which were grouped into 5 Core, 9 Softcore, and 21 Shell families based on presence\/absence variation (PAV). Collinearity and\n                    <jats:italic>Ka\/Ks<\/jats:italic>\n                    analyses showed that 2 Softcore (OFP7, OFP13) and 3 Shell (OFP25, OFP26, OFP30) members exhibited elevated pairwise Ka\/Ks ratios in subsets of inter-accession comparisons, whereas the majority of\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFPs<\/jats:italic>\n                    evolved under purifying selection during sorghum evolution. Core OFP genes were consistently retained in all 17 accessions (at least one copy per genome) and exhibited higher sequence stability than Shell members.\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were predominantly expressed during seed and inflorescence development. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoters contain abundant hormone-responsive and grain development-related cis-acting elements. Exogenous hormone treatment further showed that SbOFP genes exhibited expression changes in response to ABA, BR, MeJA, and IAA, and that the response patterns were broadly consistent with the presence of corresponding hormone-responsive cis-elements in their promoters. Grain transcriptome analysis identified\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP14<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP15<\/jats:italic>\n                    as dominantly expressed members throughout grain development. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed hub\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes co-expressed with NAC, MYB, MADS, and bHLH transcription factors, among which\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP32<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP13<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed the highest connectivity. These transcription factors are candidate partners whose expression covaries with that of SbOFP hub genes during grain development. These findings provide the theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of\n                    <jats:italic>SbOFP<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in sorghum grain development and hormone signal regulation, and lay the foundation for genetic improvement of sorghum grain traits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1926574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:31:33Z","timestamp":1789623093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pangenomic characterization and grain-development expression analysis of the OVATE gene family in sorghum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yukun","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University","place":["Baoding, China"]},{"name":"North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University","place":["Baoding, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University","place":["Baoding, China"]},{"name":"North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University","place":["Baoding, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongliang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Handan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Handan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University","place":["Baoding, China"]},{"name":"North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University","place":["Baoding, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Mongolian Plateau for College and University of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University","place":["Baoding, China"]},{"name":"North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University","place":["Baoding, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2023.100228","article-title":"Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of the OVATE family protein in Oryza sativa under biotic and abiotic stresses","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66103-z","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of the sorghum OVATE gene family and revelation of its expression characteristics in sorghum seeds and leaves","volume":"14","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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