{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:07:12Z","timestamp":1789020432741,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Optimizing fertilizer application is critical for balancing plant growth promotion, economic efficiency, and environmental sustainability. For\n                    <jats:italic>Carya illinoensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (pecan), a high-value nut tree, balanced nutrient management of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) is essential to enhance seedling vigor and establishment success. However, the optimal formulations of N, P, K, and Zn for maximizing seedling quality remain undetermined. This study employed an L9(3\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) orthogonal design to evaluate the integrated effects of N, P, K, and Zn combinations on growth, physiological traits, and seedling quality index (SQI) of pecan seedlings. The results demonstrated that fertilization generally promoted growth and nutrient uptake, with responses varying across parameters. Specifically, the N1P3K3Zn3 treatment (low N, high P, high K, high Zn) achieved the greatest total biomass accumulation and SQI, while the N1P2K2Zn2 treatment (low N, medium P, medium K, medium Zn) maximized ground diameter growth. Physiological analyses revealed that fertilization enhanced leaf chlorophyll content and non-structural carbohydrate accumulation during the active growth phase (June-August). Furthermore, distinct formulations differentially modulated stress responses; for instance, N2P1K2Zn3 minimized malondialdehyde content, while N2P2K3Zn1 optimized leaf membrane stability. Principal component analysis of 14 integrated indicators identified N1P2K2Zn2 as the treatment yielding the best overall seedling performance. These findings underscore that nutrient interactions, rather than single-element effects, drive seedling quality in pecan. The study provides a quantitative basis for formulating balanced N-P-K-Zn fertilizers to cultivate high-quality pecan seedlings, thereby supporting sustainable nursery management and afforestation practices. Future work should validate these formulations in long-term field trials and assess their impacts on orchard productivity and soil health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1927567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:31:22Z","timestamp":1789018282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive effects of N, P, K, and Zn formulated fertilization on growth, physiology, and seedling quality of Carya illinoensis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhaocheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tourism Management, Huzhou Vocational and Technical College","place":["Huzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Dechang Seedlings Co., Ltd.","place":["Lv\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University","place":["Enshi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuyang Yingquan District Forestry Technology Extension Center","place":["Fuyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changjian","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huzhou Woye Ecological Agricultural Ltd.","place":["Huzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tourism Management, Huzhou Vocational and Technical College","place":["Huzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuyang Xinfeng Seed Industry Co., Ltd.","place":["Fuyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyong","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Dechang Seedlings Co., Ltd.","place":["Lv\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuyang Xinfeng Seed Industry Co., Ltd.","place":["Fuyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111557","article-title":"Effect of potassium deficiency on physiological responses and anatomical structure of Basil, Ocimum basilicum L","volume":"11","author":"Attia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-4257(98)00046-7","article-title":"Remote sensing of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, and total carotenoid content in eucalyptus leaves","volume":"66","author":"Bisun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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