{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:54:56Z","timestamp":1792799696246,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Waterlogging is a major abiotic stress affecting 12\u201327% of global cultivated land and causing average yield losses of 20\u201333% in cereals and legumes. This poses a serious threat to food security in flood-prone regions. Soil saturation reduces gas diffusion nearly 10,000-fold compared to air. This rapidly induces hypoxia or anoxia in the root zone within hours to days. This oxygen limitation forces a metabolic shift from efficient aerobic respiration (approximately 36 ATP per glucose) to anaerobic fermentation (approximately 2 ATP per glucose). This shift results in severe energy deficits, cytoplasmic acidosis, and accumulation of toxic metabolites such as ethanol, acetaldehyde, and organic acids. Plants exhibit diverse adaptive responses to flooding stress, including morphological modifications such as aerenchyma formation, adventitious root development, hypertrophied lenticels, and shoot elongation in deepwater rice. These modifications facilitate internal oxygen transport and gas exchange. At the biochemical level, fermentative enzymes including alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase are upregulated, while antioxidant defense systems mitigate oxidative damage during reoxygenation. Hormonal crosstalk among ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin, and gibberellins regulates the balance between escape and quiescence strategies. At the molecular level, oxygen sensing is primarily mediated by the N-degron pathway through Group VII Ethylene Response Factors (ERF-VIIs). Plant cysteine oxidases regulate oxygen-dependent degradation under normoxia, while hypoxia stabilizes ERF-VIIs to activate anaerobic gene expression. Nitric oxide  further modulates ERF-VII proteolysis and stability. The\n                    <jats:italic>Sub1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    locus in rice exemplifies genetic adaptation, conferring 14\u201318 days of submergence tolerance and significant yield advantages in flood-prone environments. Despite these advances, major crops such as wheat, maize, and soybean remain highly susceptible, underscoring the need for translating mechanistic insights into field-level solutions. Integrating CRISPR\/Cas-based gene editing, genomic selection, multi-omics approaches, and improved agronomic practices offers promising avenues for developing flood-resilient crop varieties under changing climatic conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1927738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:16:25Z","timestamp":1789996585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Waterlogging and hypoxia in plant abiotic stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bihar Agricultural University","place":["Sabour, Bihar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mankesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bihar Agricultural University","place":["Sabour, Bihar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bihar Agricultural University","place":["Sabour, Bihar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanak","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bihar Agricultural University","place":["Sabour, Bihar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabiya","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bihar Agricultural University","place":["Sabour, Bihar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Digvijay","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Seed Science and Technology, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology","place":["Kumarganj, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh Prasad","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bihar Agricultural University","place":["Sabour, Bihar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Satyendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Institute of Seed Science and Technology","place":["Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafat","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Drought Stress Management, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management (NIASM)","place":["Baramati, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sweta","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bihar Agricultural University","place":["Sabour, Bihar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13040844","article-title":"Waterlogging effects on soybean physiology and hyperspectral reflectance during the reproductive stage","volume":"13","author":"Adegoye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/963525","article-title":"Waterlogging tolerance of crops: Breeding, mechanisms of tolerance, molecular approaches, and future prospects","volume":"2013","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B1000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00300","article-title":"Manganese in plants: From acquisition to subcellular allocation","volume":"11","author":"Alejandro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2296(08)60089-0","article-title":"Aeration in higher plants,\" in Advances in Botanical Research","volume":"7","author":"Armstrong","year":"1980"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.50.1.601","article-title":"The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: Scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons","volume":"50","author":"Asada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70372","article-title":"The plant mind: Unraveling abiotic stress priming, memory, and adaptation","volume":"177","author":"Aswathi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06069","article-title":"A central integrator of transcription networks in plant stress and energy signalling","volume":"448","author":"Baena-Gonzalez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.208173","article-title":"Waterproofing crops: Effective flooding survival strategies","volume":"160","author":"Bailey-Serres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1679-0","article-title":"Genetic strategies for improving crop yields","volume":"575","author":"Bailey-Serres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092752","article-title":"Flooding stress: Acclimations and genetic diversity","volume":"59","author":"Bailey-Serres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.149815","article-title":"The heat-inducible transcription factor HsfA2 enhances anoxia tolerance in Arabidopsis","volume":"152","author":"Banti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.200520504","article-title":"Iron toxicity in rice: Conditions and management concepts","volume":"168","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.116.2.651","article-title":"Re-aeration following hypoxia or anoxia leads to activation of the antioxidative defense system in roots of wheat seedlings","volume":"116","author":"Biemelt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcf118","article-title":"Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: A review","volume":"91","author":"Blokhina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2015.03.008","article-title":"Constitutively expressed ERF-VII transcription factors redundantly activate the core anaerobic response in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"236","author":"Bui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70572","article-title":"The invisible frontline: High-tech root imaging for crop stress adaptation","volume":"177","author":"Chandnani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15020330","article-title":"Determining the critical period of continuous waterlogging in maize: An analysis of physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic traits","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83752-2","article-title":"Response of wheat crop to water-logged conditions under different land configurations and nutrient management","volume":"15","author":"Chhabra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcf114","article-title":"Aerenchyma and an inducible barrier to radial oxygen loss facilitate root aeration in upland, paddy and deep-water rice","volume":"91","author":"Colmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1071\/fp09144","article-title":"Flooding tolerance: Suites of plant traits in variable environments","volume":"36","author":"Colmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-005-5911-2","article-title":"Identification of QTLs underlying waterlogging tolerance in soybean","volume":"16","author":"Cornelious","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Breed."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1965.tb01439.x","article-title":"Diffusion within soil microstructure: A structural parameter for soils","volume":"16","author":"Currie","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"B5000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042809-112122","article-title":"Abscisic acid: emergence of a core signaling network","volume":"61","author":"Cutler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27648-y","article-title":"No yield penalty under favorable conditions paving the way for successful adoption of flood tolerant rice","volume":"8","author":"Dar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.087650","article-title":"Gibberellin signaling in plants","volume":"140","author":"Davi\u00e8re","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2019.107695","article-title":"Effects of waterlogging on grain yield and associated traits of historic wheat cultivars in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China","volume":"246","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2011.05.015","article-title":"Abiotic stress and control of grain number in cereals","volume":"181","author":"Dolferus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(00)01570-3","article-title":"Programmed cell death and aerenchyma formation in roots","volume":"5","author":"Drew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mci207","article-title":"pH regulation in anoxic plants","volume":"96","author":"Felle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9780897","article-title":"Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars","volume":"29","author":"Fischer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2007.12.002","article-title":"Ethylene: A key regulator of submergence responses in rice","volume":"175","author":"Fukao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00340","article-title":"Submergence and waterlogging stress in plants: A review highlighting research opportunities and understudied aspects","volume":"10","author":"Fukao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.043000","article-title":"A variable cluster of ERF-like genes regulates metabolic and developmental acclimation responses to submergence in rice","volume":"18","author":"Fukao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.110.080325","article-title":"The submergence tolerance regulator SUB1A mediates crosstalk between submergence and drought tolerance in rice","volume":"23","author":"Fukao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91780-9","article-title":"Root growth, yield and stress tolerance of soybean to transient waterlogging under different climatic regimes","volume":"15","author":"Gangana Gowdra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/PP98095","article-title":"Review: Mechanisms of anoxia tolerance in plants","volume":"30","author":"Gibbs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10534","article-title":"Homeostatic response to hypoxia is regulated by the N-end rule pathway in plants","volume":"479","author":"Gibbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.12.020","article-title":"Nitric oxide sensing in plants is mediated by proteolytic control of group VII ERF transcription factors","volume":"53","author":"Gibbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2013.09.009","article-title":"Bacteria with ACC deaminase can promote plant growth and help to feed the world","volume":"169","author":"Glick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf563","article-title":"Rainfall patterns during barley seed development underlie genomic variation for germination after flooding","volume":"199","author":"G\u00f3mez-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12045-4","article-title":"Ethylene-mediated nitric oxide depletion pre-adapts plants to hypoxia stress","volume":"10","author":"Hartman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16378","article-title":"The role of ethylene in metabolic acclimations to low oxygen","volume":"229","author":"Hartman","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08258","article-title":"The ethylene response factors SNORKEL1 and SNORKEL2 allow rice to adapt to deep water","volume":"460","author":"Hattori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12676","article-title":"Mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in wheat: A review of root and shoot physiology","volume":"39","author":"Herzog","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70874","article-title":"Discrete and cell-specific hypoxic responses in Arabidopsis roots resolved by single-nuclei transcriptomics","volume":"249","author":"Hill","year":"2026","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.107334","article-title":"Effects of waterlogging at different stages and durations on maize growth and grain yields","volume":"261","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Climate Change 2014 \u2013 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC","year":"2014"},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"Climate Change 2021 \u2013 The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","year":"2023"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2013.01.007","article-title":"The contribution of submergence-tolerant (Sub1) rice varieties to food security in flood-prone rainfed lowland areas in Asia","volume":"152","author":"Ismail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555988","DOI":"10.19080\/IJESNR.2019.18.555988","article-title":"Conservation agriculture in intensive rice-wheat rotation of Western Indo-Gangetic Plains","volume":"18","author":"Jat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11020205","article-title":"Try or die: Dynamics of plant respiration and how to survive low oxygen conditions","volume":"11","author":"Jethva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13092215","article-title":"Integrated miRNA and mRNA transcriptome analysis reveals eggplant\u2019s (Solanum melongena L.) responses to waterlogging stress","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00153.x","article-title":"The anatomical characteristics of roots and plant response to soil flooding","volume":"106","author":"Justin","year":"1987","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppj2.20035","article-title":"A novel 3D X-ray computed tomography (CT) method for spatio-temporal evaluation of waterlogging-induced aerenchyma formation in barley","volume":"5","author":"Kehoe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Phenome J."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp3.70185","article-title":"Breeding for multi-stress resilience in crops: Myth or possibility","author":"Khazaei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plants People Planet"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15124","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.124","article-title":"A trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase enhances anaerobic germination tolerance in rice","volume":"1","author":"Kretzschmar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s42976-025-00713-9","article-title":"Breeding resilience: Decoding waterlogging tolerance traits in maize","volume":"54","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1263-6","article-title":"Epigenetic and chromatin-based mechanisms in environmental stress adaptation and stress memory in plants","volume":"18","author":"L\u00e4mke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5149","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac243","article-title":"Phenotyping for waterlogging tolerance in crops: Current trends and future prospects","volume":"73","author":"Langan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15020482","article-title":"Physiological mechanism of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) in response to high temperature and waterlogging stress","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx7799","article-title":"Severe floods significantly reduce global rice yields","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10536","article-title":"Oxygen sensing in plants is mediated by an N-end rule pathway for protein destabilization","volume":"479","author":"Licausi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313x.2010.04149.x","article-title":"HRE1 and HRE2, two hypoxia-inducible ethylene response factors, affect anaerobic responses in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"62","author":"Licausi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36129-4","article-title":"Silver lining to a climate crisis in multiple prospects for alleviating crop waterlogging under future climates","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13094","article-title":"Rice SUB1A constrains remodelling of the transcriptome and metabolome during submergence to facilitate post-submergence recovery","volume":"41","author":"Locke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9060745","article-title":"The many facets of hypoxia in plants","volume":"9","author":"Loreti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcn121","article-title":"Rice germination and seedling growth in the absence of oxygen","volume":"103","author":"Magneschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0337-2","article-title":"Plant gene editing through de novo induction of meristems","volume":"38","author":"Maher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00140","article-title":"Soil and crop management practices to minimize the impact of waterlogging on crop productivity","volume":"10","author":"Manik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3117\/plantroot.1.17","article-title":"Breeding for flooding tolerant maize using \u2018teosinte\u2019 as a germplasm resource","volume":"1","author":"Mano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Root"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.244723","article-title":"Large-scale identification of gibberellin-related transcription factors defines group VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS as functional DELLA partners","volume":"166","author":"Mar\u00edn-de la Rosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042110-103857","article-title":"Organization and regulation of mitochondrial respiration in plants","volume":"62","author":"Millar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02312-9","article-title":"Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance","volume":"7","author":"Mittler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.151845","article-title":"Cross-kingdom comparison of transcriptomic adjustments to low-oxygen stress highlights conserved and plant-specific responses","volume":"152","author":"Mustroph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18843","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906131106","article-title":"Profiling translatomes of discrete cell populations resolves altered cellular priorities during hypoxia in Arabidopsis","volume":"106","author":"Mustroph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03589.x","article-title":"Comparative analysis between plant species of transcriptional and metabolic responses to hypoxia","volume":"190","author":"Narsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12010149","article-title":"Wheat crop under waterlogging: Potential soil and plant effects","volume":"12","author":"Pais","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9525-6","article-title":"Waterlogging and flood hazards vulnerability and risk assessment in Indo Gangetic plain","volume":"55","author":"Pandey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1071\/fp06158","article-title":"Amelioration of detrimental effects of waterlogging by foliar nutrient sprays in barley","volume":"34","author":"Pang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9452(93)90029-y","article-title":"Plant responses to anaerobiosis","volume":"93","author":"Perata","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/07352680600563876","article-title":"The functional organization and control of plant respiration","volume":"25","author":"Plaxton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1472665","article-title":"Dual stress, equivalent harm? Hypothesizing on the type of interactions between waterlogging and high temperature","volume":"15","author":"Ploschuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-424120-6.50007-9","article-title":"Effects of flooding on soils","volume-title":"Flooding and Plant Growth","author":"Ponnamperuma","year":"1984"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.70030","article-title":"ZmEREB180 modulates waterlogging tolerance in maize by regulating root development and antioxidant gene expression","volume":"23","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312970","article-title":"The adaptation and tolerance of major cereals and legumes to important abiotic stresses","volume":"22","author":"Rane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax8862","article-title":"Evolutionary flexibility in flooding response circuitry in angiosperms","volume":"365","author":"Reynoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.77.2.492","article-title":"Further evidence that cytoplasmic acidosis is a determinant of flooding intolerance in plants","volume":"77","author":"Roberts","year":"1985","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.150045","article-title":"Glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are linked by alanine aminotransferase during hypoxia induced by waterlogging of Lotus japonicus","volume":"152","author":"Rocha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.72.4.1035","article-title":"Oxygen transport and root respiration in maize seedlings","volume":"72","author":"Saglio","year":"1983","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-010-0598-3","article-title":"Expression of antioxidant defense genes in mung bean roots under waterlogging","volume":"33","author":"Sairam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcn206","article-title":"Development of submergence-tolerant rice cultivars: The Sub1 locus and beyond","volume":"103","author":"Septiningsih","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1024573305997","article-title":"Review of prospects for germplasm improvement for waterlogging tolerance in wheat, barley and oats","volume":"253","author":"Setter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2113(01)71011-5","article-title":"Advances in controlled-release fertilizers","volume":"71","author":"Shaviv","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.65521\/oaijse.v2i3.2280","article-title":"Evaluation of flood and waterlogging dynamics in Indo-Gangetic Plain using geospatial technique: A review","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Access Int. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/ird.2252","article-title":"Review and case studies on biodrainage: An alternative drainage system to manage waterlogging and salinity","volume":"67","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.105.064469","article-title":"Epidermal cell death in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is regulated by ethylene, gibberellin, and abscisic acid","volume":"139","author":"Steffens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B1001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70411","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.70411","article-title":"The down-regulation of MsWOX13-2 promotes enhanced waterlogging resilience in alfalfa","volume":"123","author":"Subedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(99)01450-8","article-title":"Ethanolic fermentation: New functions for an old pathway","volume":"4","author":"Tadege","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.634898","article-title":"How does the waterlogging regime affect crop yield? A global meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12071544","article-title":"Exploring the potential of multiomics and other integrative approaches for improving waterlogging tolerance in plants","volume":"12","author":"Tyagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erag147","article-title":"Phytoglobin 1 in plant hypoxia acclimation and development: integrating oxygen sensing, nitric oxide homeostasis, and redox balance","author":"van der Wijk","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119016","article-title":"Two Rumex species from contrasting hydrological niches regulate flooding tolerance through distinct mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"van Veen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae564","article-title":"Metabolic strategies in hypoxic plants","volume":"197","author":"van Veen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816596116","article-title":"N-degron and C-degron pathways of protein degradation","volume":"116","author":"Varshavsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a010303","article-title":"Plant adaptations to anaerobic stress","volume":"79","author":"Vartapetian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313x.2010.04262.x","article-title":"Hormonal interplay during adventitious root formation in flooded tomato plants","volume":"63","author":"Vidoz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13209","article-title":"Flood adaptive traits and processes: An overview","volume":"206","author":"Voesenek","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraf131","article-title":"Using targeted genome methylation for crop improvement","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-00966-0","article-title":"PGPR-mediated enhancement of soil nutrients, rhizosphere microbial ecology, and plant growth: a review","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4425","article-title":"Plant cysteine oxidases control the oxygen-dependent branch of the N-end rule pathway","volume":"5","author":"Weits","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1203-6","article-title":"An apical hypoxic niche sets the pace of shoot meristem activity","volume":"569","author":"Weits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14102232","article-title":"The effect of short-term waterlogging stress on the response mechanism of photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, and yield components during the podding stage in peanuts","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00564199","article-title":"A major locus for submergence tolerance mapped on rice chromosome 9","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Breed."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04920","article-title":"Sub1A is an ethylene-response-factor-like gene that confers submergence tolerance to rice","volume":"442","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1066752","article-title":"Genome-wide association study reveals quantitative trait loci for waterlogging-triggered adventitious roots and aerenchyma formation in common wheat","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.01157","article-title":"Regulation of root traits for internal aeration and tolerance to soil waterlogging\u2013flooding stress","volume":"176","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105199","article-title":"Surviving a double-edged sword: Response of horticultural crops to multiple abiotic stressors","volume":"25","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6085","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803841115","article-title":"A stress recovery signalling network for enhanced flooding tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"115","author":"Yeung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12741","article-title":"Waterlogging tolerance and recovery capability screening in peanut","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00313","article-title":"Barley responses to combined waterlogging and salinity stress: Separating effects of oxygen deprivation and elemental toxicity","volume":"4","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1545912","article-title":"A review of soil waterlogging impacts, mechanisms, and adaptive strategies","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraf101","article-title":"Natural variation and CRISPR\/Cas9 gene editing demonstrate the role of a group VII ethylene response factor, HvERF62, in regulation of barley waterlogging tolerance","volume":"76","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1927738\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:16:27Z","timestamp":1789996587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1927738\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2026.1927738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2026.1927738","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"article-number":"1927738"}}