{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:06:55Z","timestamp":1789556815499,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hidden hunger results from inadequate intake of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and other key micronutrients. Over 2 billion people worldwide are affected, especially those who rely on staple cereals for daily food. Elevated CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    often boosts photosynthesis and yield in C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    crops. However, it also reduces grain mineral levels via multiple physiological pathways. These include less transpiration-driven mineral delivery, an imbalance between carbon accumulation and mineral uptake, and changes in mineral uptake, transport, and grain loading. This review collects current evidence for Fe, Zn, copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), and iodine (I). It draws on free-air CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    enrichment (FACE) experiments, controlled studies, reviews, and meta-analyses from major cereals and legumes. Grain Fe and Zn show the most consistent and significant declines, and often drop more under combined CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    enrichment with drought, warming, or low nitrogen. Cu and Mn show greater variability, and data for Se, I, B, and Mo remain limited. This highlights big gaps in climate\u2013nutrition research. The review also considers other factors that affect micronutrient dilution. It identifies research priorities and assesses strategies such as breeding, biofortification, agronomic management, soil\u2013microbiome support, fortification, and dietary diversity. Overall, the evidence indicates that rising CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels threaten the nutritional quality of grains. There is a clear need to include micronutrient density in climate-resilient crop improvement and food system planning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1929375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:49:31Z","timestamp":1789555771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elevated CO2 and the hidden hunger crisis: mechanisms, magnitudes, and mitigation of micronutrient dilution in staple crops"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Raju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute","place":["Thiruvananthapuram, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusree","family":"Kookal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agricutlture Vellayani","place":["Thiruvananthapuram, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manju","family":"R.V.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agricutlture Vellayani","place":["Thiruvananthapuram, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Joshy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agricutlture Vellayani","place":["Thiruvananthapuram, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musti Sree Phani","family":"Bhavya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agricutlture Vellayani","place":["Thiruvananthapuram, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrutha","family":"E.A.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agricutlture Vellayani","place":["Thiruvananthapuram, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jani","family":"Aushna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agricutlture Vellayani","place":["Thiruvananthapuram, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neethu Chandra","family":"C.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agricutlture Vellayani","place":["Thiruvananthapuram, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.824476","article-title":"Elevated CO2 improves the physiology but not the final yield in spring wheat genotypes subjected to heat and drought stress during anthesis","volume":"13","author":"Abdelhakim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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