{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:12:23Z","timestamp":1790143943319,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004360","name":"Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tension wood (TW) formation in\n                    <jats:italic>Populus<\/jats:italic>\n                    involves the differentiation of G-fibers that deposit a cellulose-rich, contractile gelatinous layer (G-layer). Despite extensive study, the biosynthetic programs underlying G-layer formation have remained incompletely resolved, in part due to imprecise sampling of developmental stages. Here, we generate a high spatial-resolution transcriptome atlas of developing\n                    <jats:italic>Populus tremula<\/jats:italic>\n                    wood by tangential cryo-sectioning of TW and normal wood (NW) forming tissue. We overlaid microscopically determined cell wall thickening profiles with whole-transcriptome data, resulting in seven distinguishable TW and three NW stages and a clear separation of early and late G-layer-specific transcriptional programs during TW formation. Across 22,363 expressed genes, 90 co-expression clusters captured major programs defining cell wall biosynthesis, signaling, cytoskeleton dynamics, and stress responses. Differential expression analysis identified 2,898 genes specifically regulated during early or late G-layer formation\u2014indicating a massive transcriptional reorganization unique to TW. Genes involved in cellulose, rhamnogalacturonan I, arabinogalactan II, and callose metabolism showed distinct induction patterns, including CAZymes not previously implicated in G-layer formation. We also identified G-layer-specific genes, including\n                    <jats:italic>XTH26<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>PtXTH5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:italic>SCL18<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>AGL29<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and genes encoding FLA12-like AGPs and LIM protein. Thirty transcription factors different than the secondary wall-inducing\n                    <jats:italic>NACs<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>MYBs<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and several genes involved in hormonal regulation specifically induced at the onset of G-layer formation represent novel putative regulators of the tertiary G-layer differentiation. Together, this spatially resolved transcriptome provides the most detailed map to date of the molecular program underlying TW formation, offering new insights into G-layer biosynthesis, signaling networks, and cell wall specialization in woody plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1929884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:49:33Z","timestamp":1790142573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A high spatial resolution transcriptomics of tension wood reveals the genetic program of contractile G-layer formation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Manoj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Grones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Lundberg-Felten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Delhomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjorn","family":"Sundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa J.","family":"Mellerowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160550","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0550","article-title":"Critical review on the mechanisms of maturation stress generation in trees","volume":"13","author":"Alm\u00e9ras","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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